Miloch
May 17th 19, 03:27 PM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_F_13
The Junkers F 13 was the world's first all-metal transport aircraft, developed
in Germany at the end of World War I. It was an advanced cantilever-wing
monoplane, with enclosed accommodation for four passengers. Over 300 were sold.
It was in production for thirteen years and in commercial service for almost
twenty.
The F 13 was a very advanced aircraft when built, an aerodynamically clean
all-metal low-wing cantilever (without external bracing) monoplane. Even later
in the 1920s, it and other Junkers types were unusual as unbraced monoplanes in
a biplane age, with only Fokker's designs of comparable modernity. It was the
world's first all-metal passenger aircraft and Junkers' first commercial
aircraft.
The designation letter F stood for Flugzeug, aircraft; it was the first Junkers
aeroplane to use this system. Earlier Junkers notation labelled it J 13.
Russian-built aircraft used the designation Ju 13.
Like all Junkers duralumin-structured designs, from the 1918 J 7 to the 1932 Ju
46, (some 35 models), it used an aluminium alloy (duralumin) structure entirely
covered with Junkers' characteristic corrugated and stressed duralumin skin.
Internally, the wing was built up on nine circular cross-section duralumin spars
with transverse bracing. All control surfaces were horn balanced.
Behind the single engine was a semi-enclosed cockpit for the crew, roofed but
without side glazing. There was an enclosed and heated cabin for four passengers
with windows and doors in the fuselage sides. Passenger seats were fitted with
seat belts, unusual for the time. The F 13 used a fixed conventional split
landing gear with a rear skid, though some variants landed on floats or on skis.
The F 13 first flew on 25 June 1919, powered by a 127 kW (170 hp) Mercedes D
IIIa inline upright water-cooled engine. The first production machines had a
wing of greater span and area and had the more powerful 140 kW (185 hp) BMW IIIa
upright inline water-cooled motor.
Many variants were built using Mercedes, BMW, Junkers, and Armstrong Siddeley
Puma liquid-cooled inline engines, and Gnome-Rhône Jupiter and Pratt & Whitney
Hornet air-cooled radial engines. The variants were mostly distinguished by a
two letter code, the first letter signifying the airframe and the second the
engine. Junkers L5-engined variants all had the second letter -e, so type -fe
was the long fuselage -f airframe with a L5 engine.
Role
small passenger transport
Manufacturer
Junkers
Designer
Otto Reuter
First flight
June 25, 1919
Introduction
1920
Retired
late 1930s
Primary users
Junkers Luftverkehr
DLH, LAB, LOT, ÖLAG
Produced
1919–1932
Number built
322
Most of the F 13s produced before completion of the marque in 1932 were built at
Junkers German base at Dessau. During the difficult 1921–3 period production was
transferred to Junkers plants at Danzig and Reval. In 1922–3, Hugo Junkers
signed a contract with the Soviet Union to produce the aircraft in a Soviet
factory at Fili near Moscow which became known as "Plant no. 22". Some of these
aircraft served Soviet airlines and some the Red Army.
There were some other military users. The Colombian Air Force used the F 13 (and
the related W.33, W.34 and K.43) as bombers[citation needed] in the
Colombia–Peru War in 1932–3. The Republic of China flew F 13s converted into
scout bombers until the January 28 Incident in 1932, when they were destroyed by
the Japanese along with the Shanghai Aircraft Factory. The Turkish Flying Forces
flew a few.
A feature that made the F 13 popular internationally was the ease with which its
landing gear could be converted to floats. During the formative years of
commercial aviation, bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, seas and oceans were
more abundant than landing strips and civil airports in many parts of the world,
so seaplanes were commonplace and even, in some places, more useful than regular
aircraft. Aside from the obvious addition of floats, little modification was
needed for this conversion; however, the different configuration could cause
issues with directional control, and so some models had their rudder extended to
compensate for this.
From their introduction in 1919, commercial F 13s were in service for more than
thirty years; the last commercial F 13 was retired in Brazil in 1951.
Specifications (F 13)
General characteristics
Crew: two
Capacity: four passengers or 689 kg (1,519 lb) payload
Length: 9.59 m (31 ft 6 in)
F 13fe: 10.50 m (34 ft)Wingspan: 14.8 m (48 ft 7 in)
F 13fe: 17.75 m (58 ft)Height: 3.50 m (11 ft 6 in)
F 13fe: 3.60 m (12 ft)Wing area: 34.50 m2 (371.4 sq ft)
F 13fe: 44 m2 (474 sq ft)Empty weight: 951 kg (2,097 lb)
F 13fe: 1,480 kg (3,263 lb)Max takeoff weight: 1,640 kg (3,616 lb)
F 13fe: 2,318 kg (5,110 lb)Powerplant: 1 × Mercedes D.IIIa 6-cyl.water-cooled
in-line piston engine, 118 kW (158 hp)
F 13fe: 1 x 228 kW (306 hp) Junkers L5 6-cyl. water-cooled in-line piston engine
Performance
Maximum speed: 173 km/h (107 mph; 93 kn)
F 13fe: 198 km/h (123 mph)Cruise speed: 160 km/h (99 mph; 86 kn)
F 13fe: 170 km/h (106 mph)Range: 1,400 km (870 mi; 756 nmi)
Service ceiling: 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
F 13fe: 5,090 m (16,699 ft)Rate of climb: 2.40 m/s (472 ft/min)
Power/mass: 0.0712 kW/kg (0.0443 hp/lb)
*
The Junkers F 13 was the world's first all-metal transport aircraft, developed
in Germany at the end of World War I. It was an advanced cantilever-wing
monoplane, with enclosed accommodation for four passengers. Over 300 were sold.
It was in production for thirteen years and in commercial service for almost
twenty.
The F 13 was a very advanced aircraft when built, an aerodynamically clean
all-metal low-wing cantilever (without external bracing) monoplane. Even later
in the 1920s, it and other Junkers types were unusual as unbraced monoplanes in
a biplane age, with only Fokker's designs of comparable modernity. It was the
world's first all-metal passenger aircraft and Junkers' first commercial
aircraft.
The designation letter F stood for Flugzeug, aircraft; it was the first Junkers
aeroplane to use this system. Earlier Junkers notation labelled it J 13.
Russian-built aircraft used the designation Ju 13.
Like all Junkers duralumin-structured designs, from the 1918 J 7 to the 1932 Ju
46, (some 35 models), it used an aluminium alloy (duralumin) structure entirely
covered with Junkers' characteristic corrugated and stressed duralumin skin.
Internally, the wing was built up on nine circular cross-section duralumin spars
with transverse bracing. All control surfaces were horn balanced.
Behind the single engine was a semi-enclosed cockpit for the crew, roofed but
without side glazing. There was an enclosed and heated cabin for four passengers
with windows and doors in the fuselage sides. Passenger seats were fitted with
seat belts, unusual for the time. The F 13 used a fixed conventional split
landing gear with a rear skid, though some variants landed on floats or on skis.
The F 13 first flew on 25 June 1919, powered by a 127 kW (170 hp) Mercedes D
IIIa inline upright water-cooled engine. The first production machines had a
wing of greater span and area and had the more powerful 140 kW (185 hp) BMW IIIa
upright inline water-cooled motor.
Many variants were built using Mercedes, BMW, Junkers, and Armstrong Siddeley
Puma liquid-cooled inline engines, and Gnome-Rhône Jupiter and Pratt & Whitney
Hornet air-cooled radial engines. The variants were mostly distinguished by a
two letter code, the first letter signifying the airframe and the second the
engine. Junkers L5-engined variants all had the second letter -e, so type -fe
was the long fuselage -f airframe with a L5 engine.
Role
small passenger transport
Manufacturer
Junkers
Designer
Otto Reuter
First flight
June 25, 1919
Introduction
1920
Retired
late 1930s
Primary users
Junkers Luftverkehr
DLH, LAB, LOT, ÖLAG
Produced
1919–1932
Number built
322
Most of the F 13s produced before completion of the marque in 1932 were built at
Junkers German base at Dessau. During the difficult 1921–3 period production was
transferred to Junkers plants at Danzig and Reval. In 1922–3, Hugo Junkers
signed a contract with the Soviet Union to produce the aircraft in a Soviet
factory at Fili near Moscow which became known as "Plant no. 22". Some of these
aircraft served Soviet airlines and some the Red Army.
There were some other military users. The Colombian Air Force used the F 13 (and
the related W.33, W.34 and K.43) as bombers[citation needed] in the
Colombia–Peru War in 1932–3. The Republic of China flew F 13s converted into
scout bombers until the January 28 Incident in 1932, when they were destroyed by
the Japanese along with the Shanghai Aircraft Factory. The Turkish Flying Forces
flew a few.
A feature that made the F 13 popular internationally was the ease with which its
landing gear could be converted to floats. During the formative years of
commercial aviation, bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, seas and oceans were
more abundant than landing strips and civil airports in many parts of the world,
so seaplanes were commonplace and even, in some places, more useful than regular
aircraft. Aside from the obvious addition of floats, little modification was
needed for this conversion; however, the different configuration could cause
issues with directional control, and so some models had their rudder extended to
compensate for this.
From their introduction in 1919, commercial F 13s were in service for more than
thirty years; the last commercial F 13 was retired in Brazil in 1951.
Specifications (F 13)
General characteristics
Crew: two
Capacity: four passengers or 689 kg (1,519 lb) payload
Length: 9.59 m (31 ft 6 in)
F 13fe: 10.50 m (34 ft)Wingspan: 14.8 m (48 ft 7 in)
F 13fe: 17.75 m (58 ft)Height: 3.50 m (11 ft 6 in)
F 13fe: 3.60 m (12 ft)Wing area: 34.50 m2 (371.4 sq ft)
F 13fe: 44 m2 (474 sq ft)Empty weight: 951 kg (2,097 lb)
F 13fe: 1,480 kg (3,263 lb)Max takeoff weight: 1,640 kg (3,616 lb)
F 13fe: 2,318 kg (5,110 lb)Powerplant: 1 × Mercedes D.IIIa 6-cyl.water-cooled
in-line piston engine, 118 kW (158 hp)
F 13fe: 1 x 228 kW (306 hp) Junkers L5 6-cyl. water-cooled in-line piston engine
Performance
Maximum speed: 173 km/h (107 mph; 93 kn)
F 13fe: 198 km/h (123 mph)Cruise speed: 160 km/h (99 mph; 86 kn)
F 13fe: 170 km/h (106 mph)Range: 1,400 km (870 mi; 756 nmi)
Service ceiling: 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
F 13fe: 5,090 m (16,699 ft)Rate of climb: 2.40 m/s (472 ft/min)
Power/mass: 0.0712 kW/kg (0.0443 hp/lb)
*