" wrote

So the glue joint would mostly be in compression and would
have to have decent shear strength. It wouldn't have to have
more peel strength than what's required to reliably keep the
1/8" piece from falling off.

I think you might be blinded to a more simple cure.

Can you not wrap the rubber around the piece that it sits on, and
mechanically fasten the rubber on the sides (90 degrees off of the bottom
plane) of the foot, either onto an existing part or to a small piece of
added angle stock?

Either that, or use a thicker piece of rubber, and countersink the rivit. A
piece of tire tread cut to size works great for that kind of thing.
--
Jim in NC