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The orginal paper published 74 1 JULY 2016 • VOL 353 ISSUE 6294 sciencemag.org SCIENCE has a lot more information. For example, their observed L/D was 23.6-19.1 between 500-700 m, but 14.3-11.7 at higher altitudes.
I'm still trying to figure out how they stay aloft at night. A Tasty Exerpt: "However, birds regularly climbed up to 1000 to 2000 m, with a maximum of 4120 m (fig. S9). The frequency of climbs at altitudes higher than 700 m increased throughout the day to peak during the first hours of night (fig. S10). Climbing to high altitudes can be separated into a phase of slow climb up to the base of the cumulus clouds at 600 to 700 m, followed by a more rapid climb to 1600 m (Fig. 2D) or higher. This second phase of the ascent is performed without flapping the wings (Fig. 2D); i.e., in pure soaring flight and with climb rates reaching 4 to 5 m s-1. Ascent to high altitude can only take place inside cumulus clouds, where updrafts reach 5 m s−1 at 2000 to 3000 m (fig. S11). and are strong enough to provide such climb rates (15). During the gliding phase made outside the clouds, the minimum sink rate was 23.6 ± 19.1 m of ground distance covered per meter lost between 500- to 700-m altitudes, compared to 14.3 ± 11.7 m at high- er altitudes (F1,7 = 8.4, P = 0.045)." |
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