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#61
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Troubling story and some questions
Hi:
Jumping into the fray here (both feet!) with some ASRS reports about NMACs at altitude. ACN: 751929 Date : 200708 (B737-300 at 14000 MSL near Reno, NV) Synopsis: B737 FLT CREW RPTS TCAS RA WITH GLIDER AT 14000 FT 25 NM SW OF RNO. Narrative: 14000 FT SW OF RNO, APCH ADVISED TFC WITH XPONDER AT OR NEAR OUR ALT. THE TFC QUICKLY BECAME A TA AND THEN AN RA. I FOLLOWED CONFLICT GUIDANCE WITH A DSCNT AND THEN THE RA QUICKLY COMMANDED A 'CLB, CLB NOW.' I QUICKLY START CLBING WITH MAX POWER AND THEN DECIDED TO TURN OFF COURSE TO THE WEST. A GLIDER PASSED OFF OUR R/EAST SIDE APPROX 200 FT COMING HEAD ON. THE TA/RA ISSUES WERE THE GLIDER WAS CLBING AND DSNDING WHICH CAUSED THE TA/RA TO REVERSE ITS CONFLICT CALL FROM DSND TO CLB. APCH IN RNO IS VERY UPSET WITH THESE GLIDERS AND WE NEED SOME RESTRS ON THEIR AIRSPACE TO AVOID THIS CONFLICT. THESE MANEUVERS WERE AGGRESSIVE AND I PERSONALLY FEEL IF THEY HAD NOT BEEN FOLLOWED, A WORSE SITUATION WOULD HAVE OCCURRED. GLIDER RESTRS. ACN: 739528 Date : 200705 (Citation II flying at 12000 MSL) Synopsis: C550 FLT CREW TOOK EVASIVE ACTION TO AVOID GLIDER ACTIVITY. Narrative: WE WERE ON THE ZZZZZ ARR INTO ZZZ, DSNDING TO 12000 FT TO MEET THE XING RESTR, WHEN THE CTLR TOLD US TO DSND TO 11000 FT FOR TFC. WE SAW A TARGET AT 500 FT ABOVE ON THE TCAS (JUST APPEARED) AND AS WE INCREASED OUR RATE OF DSCNT WE GOT A TFC ALERT AND THE TARGET TURNED TO ORANGE ON THE TCAS. WE SAW A GLIDER AND RPTED IT TO ATC (WE PREVIOUSLY HEARD HIM ALERT ANOTHER ACFT OF AN UNIDENTED TARGET IN THE AREA, POSSIBLY A GLIDER) AS THE GLIDER PASSED SLIGHTLY TO OUR 1 O'CLOCK POS, ANOTHER GLIDER APPEARED DIRECTLY AT 12 O'CLOCK POS, THE PF BANKED STEEPLY TO THE R AND DSNDED FURTHER TO AVOID THE GLIDER. LOOKING TO MY L I SAW A FLASH OF PARTIAL GLIDER PASS ABOVE US (WE WERE CLOSE ENOUGH THAT THE COMPLETE WING SPAN WAS NOT VISIBLE). I ADVISED THE CTLR WE WERE DIVERTING FOR ANOTHER GLIDER AND WE WENT BELOW OUR ASSIGNED ALT BY OVER 400 FT WHILE RECOVERING. BOTH GLIDERS WERE FLYING JUST ABOVE THE RIDGE, A GREAT PLACE TO SOAR, BUT PRECISELY ON THE ARR PATH AND ALT. ONLY 1 TA WAS VISIBLE ON THE TCAS. THIS WAS A GREAT CALL FROM THE CTLR, AS XMISSIONS WERE THE USUAL BUSY ZZZ ARR ON A FRIDAY EVENING. AFTER A MOMENT OF SILENCE, I ADVISED THE CTLR AGAIN THAT THERE WERE 2 GLIDERS ON THE ARR ABOVE THE RIDGE. I WILL ATTEMPT TODAY TO CALL THE TRACON TO DISCUSS THE ALT DEV AND THANK THE CTLR FOR HIS VIGILANCE. ACN: 736824 Date : 200704 A320 at 11000 MSL Synopsis: A320 CAPTAIN EXPERIENCES NMAC WITH GLIDER WHILE IN DESCENT TO LAS. Narrative: NEAR MISS WITH GLIDER FLYING N TO S ALONG RIDGE LINE. CLOSEST POINT OF INTERCEPT: APPROX 200 FT. NO EVASIVE ACTION TAKEN BASED ON GEOMETRY. WE TOLD CTLR AND SHE INFORMED THE NEXT ARR ACFT BEHIND US OF A POSSIBLE 'PRIMARY' TARGET. I SPOKE WITH TRACON AND THEY SAID THEY FREQUENTLY FLY THE RIDGE AND ARE HARD TO DETECT ON RADAR. HE ALSO MENTIONED THAT GLIDERS CAN STILL FLY IN CLASS C WITHOUT MODE C. ACN: 716529 Date : 200611 B737-700 at 6000MSL near Panoche Synopsis: B737-700 FLT CREW HAS A TCAS RA DURING PANOCHE TWO ARR TO OAK. ACFT WAS ON PANOCHE ARR INTO OAK IN VMC CONDITIONS. WE WERE VECTORED 10 DEGS R OF COURSE FOR GA ACFT SEPARATION. WE WERE LEVEL AT 6000 FT AND INSTRUCTED TO DSND TO 5000 FT TO CLR TFC. I SAW TFC MANEUVERING AT OUR 11 O'CLOCK POS AND WAS TOLD BY ATC THAT IT WAS A MOONEY ABOVE US. HOWEVER, IT TURNED OUT TO BE A GLIDER BELOW US IN A R BANK TURNING DIRECTLY TOWARDS US. THE GLIDER CONTINUED TO TURN AND CLB TOWARDS US. I ADDED PWR AND STARTED A CLB AND TURNED AWAY FROM THE TFC. THE FO NOTIFIED ATC OF OUR AVOIDANCE MANEUVER JUST AS THE TCAS RA SOUNDED A FEW SECONDS AFTER ADDING PWR. IT INDICATED A 2000 FPM CLB IN ORDER TO CLR THE TFC, AND WE CLBED IMMEDIATELY TO 7000 FT. THE CTLR SEEMED CONFUSED TO WHY WE WERE CLBING WHEN WE WERE GIVEN A DSCNT CLRNC. THE CTLR DID NOT KNOW THERE WAS A GLIDER IN THE AREA AND HAD NO CONTACT WITH THE GLIDER. ATC INSTRUCTED US TO DSND WHEN ABLE. VFR TFC SHOULD AVOID MANEUVERING OVER ARR RTES WITHOUT COMMUNICATING TO ATC. ACN: 708924 Date : 200608 Citation V at 16000 MSL Synopsis: A C560 CLBING OUT OF BJC EXPERIENCED A NEAR MISS WITH A SAILPLANE AT 16000 FT. WHILE BEING VECTORED AROUND A SLOWER ACFT ON THE ROCK14.EKR DEP FROM THE BOULDER JEFFERSON COUNTY ARPT, WE EXPERIENCED A NEAR MISS WITH A SAILPLANE. WE WERE ASSIGNED ON A 240 DEG HDG, CLRED TO FL230 FROM DENVER DEP CTL ON THE 126.1 MHZ FREQ, AND CLBING AT 280 KTS CAS AT 2000 FPM. AT EXACTLY 16000 FT MSL, WE WERE STARTLED BY THE SIGHTING OF THE GLIDER AT ABOUT OUR 1 O'CLOCK POSITION AND A QUARTER MILE DISTANT. THE GLIDER WAS FLYING AT APPROX THE SAME HDG IN STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLT SO HE WAS UNAWARE OF US AT THAT MOMENT. I MADE NO EVASIVE MANEUVER AND THE GLIDER PASSED OUR STARBOARD WING ABOUT TWO SECONDS LATER. MY GUESS IS THAT THE GLIDER WAS ABOUT A FOOTBALL FIELD LENGTH HORIZONTALLY AWAY -- CLOSE ENOUGH TO SEE THE PLT CLEARLY. I CAN ONLY GUESS THAT THE PLT OF THIS GLIDER WAS EQUALLY STARTLED BY THE SIGHT AND SOUND OF OUR PASSING CLOSELY AT A HIGH RATE OF SPD AND THRUST. WE MENTIONED THE NEAR MISS SITUATION TO DEP CTL AND HE RESPONDED TO US THAT HE HAD NO RADAR OR RADIO CONTACT WITH THE GLIDER. GLIDER ACFT, OUTSIDE OF CLASS A, B, AND C AIRSPACE, ARE EXEMPT FROM XPONDER/ALT REPORTING EQUIP UNDER FAR 91.215(b)(5). A WEEK AGO A HAWKER HS-125 JET COLLIDED WITH A GLIDER NEAR MEV IN A SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCE WITH NO CASUALTIES EXCEPT FOR THE TOTAL DESTRUCTION OF THE SAILPLANE AND SERIOUS DAMAGE TO THE JET. I BELIEVE IT WOULD BE PRUDENT FOR SAILPLANE PLTS TO CARRY A HANDHELD TRANSCEIVER AND POSSIBLY A MODE 3/A OR C XPONDER TO COMMUNICATE WITH ATC FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVAL REASONS. CARRYING ABOARD PORTABLE SYSTEMS WOULD NOT BE DIFFICULT. SIZE, COST, AND WT WOULD POSE VERY LITTLE PROBLEM. THIS INCIDENT IMPRESSED ON ME AND MY FO OF THE IMPORTANCE OF 'SEE-AND AVOID' ON AN IFR CLRNC IN VMC. IN SPECULATION, IF THE GLIDER HAD BEEN DIRECTLY IN OUR PATH, I'M CONFIDENT THAT WE COULD HAVE EVADED A COLLISION AT THE INITIAL SIGHTING WITH A QUARTER MILE SEPARATION. IT WOULD HAVE BEEN VERY CLOSE REQUIRING AN ABRUPT PULL-UP MANEUVER. IF WE HAD NOT BEEN WATCHING, IN THIS SAME SCENARIO, I HAVE NIGHTMARES CONTEMPLATING THE RESULT. ACN: 679562 Date : 200512 Synopsis: A B737-300 PLT RPTS AN NMAC WITH A GLIDER AT 13000 FT APPROX 30 DME S ON APCH TO RNO RWY 34. Narrative: WHILE DSNDING ON TARVR 1 ARR INTO RNO, APCH CTLR CALLED POSSIBLE GLIDER TFC AT OUR 12-1 O'CLOCK POS, APPROX 5 MI, ALT UNKNOWN. WE ENTERED A CLOUD CONTINUING OUR IFR DSCNT. UPON EXITING THE CLOUD AT APPROX 13000 FT MSL AND 30 DME FROM RNO, ON THE TARVR 1 ARR BTWN THE FIXES TARVR AND SPOON, THE CAPT SPOTTED THE GLIDER AT CLOSE RANGE ON THE APPROX SAME HDG AND ALT. THE CAPT TOOK CTL OF THE ACFT. THE CAPT TOOK EVASIVE MANEUVERS TO AVOID THE GLIDER. THE CLOSEST POINT OF APCH WAS APPROX 200 FT. WE INFORMED THE CTLR OF THE NMAC AND CONTINUED UNEVENTFULLY INTO RENO. I BELIEVE THE GLIDER HAD NO SITUATIONAL AWARENESS AS TO HIS LOCATION ALONG THE ARR INTO RENO. PERHAPS THE GLIDER PLTS NEED SOME WAY OF BEING INFORMED WHEN RENO IS CONDUCTING N ARRS. ACN: 656782 Date : 200505 Synopsis: B737 FLT CREW WITH ZAU AT 7000 FT EXPERIENCED NMAC WITH UNRPTED SAILPLANE DURING ARR TO MDW. Narrative: I WAS ON THE MOTIF ARR TO MDW TALKING TO ZAU. I CANNOT RECALL THE FREQ, BUT THE LAST ONE BEFORE HDOF TO APCH. WE WERE ORIGINALLY CLRED TO CROSS 5 MI S OF JOT AT 6000 FT AND WERE THEN CLRED TO CROSS 10 MI S OF JOT AT 7000 FT, WHICH WE COMPLIED. FLT CONDITIONS WERE CLR OF CLOUDS AND HAZY WITH FLT VISIBILITY AROUND 5 MI. WE WERE LEVEL AT 7000 FT INDICATING 250 KTS WITH THE FO FLYING. I WAS DOING MY NORMAL SCAN FOR TFC WHEN JUST AHEAD, APPROX 11 O'CLOCK POS, A SAILPLANE APPEARED STRAIGHT-ON IN A STEEP R BANK. IT WENT PAST MY SIDE WINDOW STILL IN THE BANK, BUT VERY CLOSE, MAYBE 200 FT LEFT AND LESS THAN 50 FT ABOVE. THIS ALL HAPPENED IN AN INSTANT, BUT I ACTUALLY SAW THE PLT IN HIS SEAT. THE SAILPLANE WAS A T-TAIL SINGLE SEAT VERSION. MY FO ALSO SAW THE ACFT FOR AN INSTANT AFTER HE MUST HAVE HEARD ME SAY AN '&^%$#.' THERE WAS ABSOLUTELY NO TIME FOR AN EVASIVE MANEUVER. THE ACFT APPEARED OUT OF NOWHERE AND ITS CROSS SECTION STRAIGHT-ON IN HAZY CONDITIONS MADE IT NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE. I CALLED THE CTR AND SAID I HAD A CLOSE CALL WITH A SAILPLANE AND WAS ASKED HOW CLOSE. I SAID LESS THAN 500 FT, AND HE ACKNOWLEDGED SAYING THAT NO ACFT WAS BEING PAINTED NEAR ME. I WAS THEN HANDED OVER TO CHICAGO APCH CTL AND ALSO TOLD HIM ABOUT THE SAILPLANE ACTIVITY ON THE ARR, AND HE SAID HE WAS GETTING A HIT EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE IN THAT AREA. I BELIEVE THAT IF WE WERE 100 FT LEFT AND A FEW FT HIGHER, A COLLISION WOULD HAVE OCCURRED. AS A CREW, WE WERE ACTIVELY SCANNING AND PREPARING FOR 'NORMAL' VECTORS TO THE APCH. I SAW NO FAULT IN ATC WHATSOEVER. I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW WHY SAILPLANES ARE ALLOWED TO FLY ON A KNOWN ARR RTE TO ONE OF THE BUSIEST AIRSPACES IN THE COUNTRY, ESPECIALLY WITHOUT A XPONDER. I HAVE WRACKED MY BRAIN TRYING TO THINK OF WHAT I COULD HAVE DONE DIFFERENTLY, BUT FIND NOTHING. WE WERE A STERILE COCKPIT WITH ALL ACFT LIGHTS. I JUST DID NOT SEE THE ACFT COMING, AND ANY REACTION WOULD HAVE BEEN TOO LATE. THE GLIDERS HAVE EVERY RIGHT TO BE FLYING, BUT MAYBE A CHANGE IN THE ARR RTE AWAY FROM GLIDER FIELDS OR AN ALT CAP FOR THEM IN THAT AREA SHOULD BE LOOKED AT. ALSO, TRAINING TO THE GLIDER PLTS IN THE AREA OUGHT TO BE GIVEN, OUTLINING THE HIGH DENSITY ARR RTES TO THE CHICAGO AREA. IT WAS A CHILLING EVENT TO MY FO AND ME. IT WAS A VERY CLOSE CALL. ACN: 621472 Date : 200406 Synopsis: S56 CTLR RPTED NMAC BTWN B737 ARR TO SLC AND GLIDER AT 11000 FT. Narrative: I WAS WORKING THE JORDAN RADAR SECTOR (SALT LAKE CITY TRACON) AND HAD CLRED ACFT X FOR A VISUAL APCH TO RWY 34R. AT 11000 FT HE RPTED TAKING EVASIVE ACTION TO MISS A GLIDER AND RPTED AN NMAC. I NEVER OBSERVED ANY TFC IN HIS VICINITY. THE AREA IS APPROX 8 MI FROM A KNOWN GLIDER AREA, WHERE THERE IS A 'GLIDER BOX' FOR GLIDERS TO CLB/ DSND THROUGH CLASS B AIRSPACE. ACN: 620997 Date : 200406 Synopsis: NMAC BTWN AN ARR B737-300 AND A GLIDER ON THE EXTENDED CTRLINE OF LOC RWY 34R AT 11000 FT, 3 NM N OF FFU VORTAC, UT. Narrative: WHILE DSNDING INTO SLC, JUST N OF FFU VOR, WE HAD JUST LEVELED AT 11000 FT AT 230 KTS FOR LIGHT TURB. WE WERE THEN CLRED FOR THE VISUAL APCH TO RWY 34R. I LOOKED AT MY APCH PLATE AND THEN THE FMC/ CDU LEGS PAGE TO CONFIRM OUR NEXT ALT UNTIL PLAGE. MY FO STATED, 'CAPT, WE'VE GOT A GLIDER AT 12 O'CLOCK POS. WE NEED TO TURN R NOW AND DSND.' I DISCONNECTED THE AUTOPLT AND APPLIED R AILERON AND NOSE DOWN CTL INPUTS WHILE LOOKING FOR THE TFC. I SPOTTED THE SAIL PLANE AT OUR ALT, JUST L OF OUR NOSE, WITH NO RELATIVE MOTION IN MY WINDSCREEN, COMING NOSE ON. AS I ROLLED R AND DSNDED, THE SAIL PLANE PLT BANKED TO HIS L, TURNING DIRECTLY INTO OUR PATH. I INCREASED BANK ANGLE TO APPROX 40 DEGS AND NOSE DOWN PITCH TO APPROX 10-12 DEGS AND IGNORED THE AUDIBLE, 'BANK ANGLE' WARNINGS. AS THE SAIL PLANE PASSED DOWN THE L SIDE OF OUR ACFT, MISSING US BY APPROX 150 FT HORIZLY AND 30 FT VERTLY, I SAW THE PLT REVERSE HIS ROLL TO R BANK. WE LEVELED AT 9500 FT, RPTED THE NMAC TO APCH CTL FOR THE BENEFIT OF FOLLOWING ACR ACFT, AND COMPLETED THE APCH TO AND LNDG ON RWY 34R WITHOUT FURTHER INCIDENT. I HAD ALREADY SEATED THE FLT ATTENDANTS PRIOR TO THE INCIDENT, AND AFTER LNDG, THEY RPTED THAT NO PAX WERE INJURED OR OVERLY ALARMED. I THEN CALLED APCH CTL, DISPATCH, THE CHIEF PLT ON CALL, AND COMPLETED THE REQUIRED RPTS. ACN: 619666 Date : 200405 Synopsis: B767 FLT CREW EXPERIENCED NMAC WITH GLIDER AT 7000 FT NEAR CRANK INTXN DURING ARR TO EWR. Narrative: ON ARR TO EWR, WE CROSSED CRANK INTXN AT 7000 FT AS IS USUAL ON THIS ARR. I CONTACTED NY APCH. I LOOKED OUT OF MY WINDOW AND SAW A GLIDER AT OUR ALT, IN A L TURN AT MY 2 O'CLOCK POS. IT CONTINUED ITS TURN AND ENDED UP COMING TOWARDS US, THEN BANKED STEEPLY AWAY FROM US. THE 2 ACFT CAME WITHIN 200-250 FT OF EACH OTHER. I QUERIED NY APCH ABOUT A GLIDER. HE SAID HE DID NOT SHOW ANYTHING. ABOUT 20 SECONDS LATER, THE CTLR INFORMED ME HE HAD 2 PRIMARY RETURNS. HE ASKED ME HOW CLOSE WE CAME TO EACH OTHER. I INFORMED HIM OF MY OPINION, AND HE CONCURRED WITH MY OPINION AND A FLT BEHIND US ON THE ARR CONFIRMED THAT THE GLIDERS WERE STILL AT 7000 FT. WE DID NOT TAKE EVASIVE ACTION. BY THE TIME I POINTED OUT TFC TO MY CAPT, THERE WAS NO POINT IN MAKING EXCESSIVE MANEUVERS. These came from the first 50 hits from a search on "glider" on the ASRS database. -Teresa |
#62
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Troubling story and some questions
The SparrowHawk may be either operated as an ultralight vehicle or an experimental aircraft - choice of owner. There are advantages and disadvantages in either category. I operate my SparrowHawk as an ultralight but have it equipped probably better than many gliders with EDS O2, a transponder and a ballistic parachute. Since I still belong to USHPA (US Hang Gliding Paragliding Association) I am covered for $1,000,000 liability insurance for only $60. Also because there is no N number the SparrowHawk falls into the same category as hang gliders/ paragliders and there are no local property taxes to be paid. Since I have 10 years of sailplane experience and most operators know me in this part of the world I have no problems getting a tow from the local FBOs. For me the obvious choice was ultralight category. For others there may be good reasons for experimental category. These may include getting hull insurance and the requirement from the FBO have a registered aircraft if you want a tow. Because the FAA never envisioned a SparrowHawk when Part 103 was generated there are almost no operating restrictions on an unpowered ultralights - no pilot license, no air worthiness certificate, no pilot flying experience, no stall speed requirements, no maximum speed restrictions, no O2 requirements and the list goes on. The only restrictions are weight (155lbs without installed safety equipment), one person, no flying over populous areas and keeping out of ATC controlled airspace (A, B,C and D) except with permission. I still have yet to land the SparrowHawk at Reid Hillview Airport (D airspace) in San Jose, CA which is a very busy towered GA airport, but they are quite comfortable with me landing the Stemme as a glider that I am sure after a couple of questions and clarifications I would be given permission. Dave I went to the Sparrowhawk web page where it shows the empty weight as 155 lbs. Are you saying that with a transponder, radio, batteries and oxygen system installed the Sparrowhawk still weighs only 155 lbs? |
#63
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Troubling story and some questions
On Jan 9, 6:31*pm, wrote:
On Jan 9, 2:28*pm, wrote: On Jan 9, 12:52*pm, wrote: On Jan 8, 10:07*pm, wrote: On Jan 8, 8:29*pm, wrote: On Jan 8, 6:09*pm, Tony Verhulst wrote: If you need to go into controlled airspace without permission [CFI mode] I fly in controlled airspace all the time and rarely get permission. Controlled airspace does not mean that you have to talk to a controller. Class E airspace is controlled airspace and is the such best example. The only uncontrolled airspace (in the U.S.) is class G airspace.. Wikipedia, though never authoritative, provides this (accurate) description -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_airspace. [/CFI mode] Tony V. CFI-G Tony, Thanks for the clarification. Clearly, I ment CLASS A controlled airspace, vs controlled airspace. Of course, this changes absolutely everything! Tom Waiter, some Lithium for my friend Tom. Remember the original scenario. Dave finds himself at 18,200' at some scary number of knots over Vne - IN A SPARROWHAWK. Those things weigh like 145 pounds empty - not exactly the aircraft I want to use for testing aeroelastic theory. He has his transponder on so ATC sees him. He is monitoring Reno Approach so he would be aware of traffic reporting in an area of concern to him. So if I am Dave in that situation I'm first of all trying to not poop in my pants. Second, I am trying to get the airspeed down quickly but without overstresing the airplane or changing the loading in a way that sets off flutter (a big unknown on what to do there, so more pucker in the old sphincter). Third, I am getting the boards out as soon as I feel safe to do so and pushing back over for the quickest decent I can safely manage. The whole operation is maybe 45 seconds of pure adrenaline. So somewhere in here Dave gets to stop thinking aviate and start thinking navigate. The stop at navigate is short (Dave knows where he is). So now he can move on to communicate. So the relevant question is, where does Dave make the transition from aviate through navigate up to communicate? All while still holding his bowels. Is it the instant he gets below Vne? While he's still maybe 30 degrees nose up and losing airspeed? Before the zero-G push over, popping the divebreaks for the 45-degree decent to 18,000' and below? Is is during the decent? Is it before the pullup? Or does Dave just push forward on the stick to get immediately back below below 18k, poop his pants, and wait for permission to save his own life (that is, should he jump straight to communicate - probably in falsetto). One could also make the argument that Dave pull up, get down to a reasonable speed, pause at 19k, call ATC and have a conversation about what to do before going back into aviate mode for a more sedate decent where multitasking is again fully operating for him. That might be a reasonable course of action, but he will be spending a lot more time in the Class A and there is probably a question about how long it takes ATC to sort him out. If he didn't have his transponder on it might take some time to sort out exactly where he is relative to other traffic, whether or not he can maintain a constant altitude and bearing given all the wave up/down, etc. If he didn't have his radio on ATC then he'd have to locate the freq (if not committed to memory), dial it up and establish contact all while farting around at 19k. If he's got nerves of steel and the multitasking ability of a figher jock making a radio call that's more informative than Tom's self- described, micro-burst, "I'm busy" would be in order right in the middle of the highest workload part, but I for one would give him credit for landing with clean trousers. Thanks for sharing with us Dave. 9B- Hide quoted text - - Show quoted text - Ok, very funny - you are obviously not trying to make a serious post here and you should be ignored. Fine, you get your wish. Hopefully no one else takes anything you say seriously as there are consequences, some extreme. Tom- Hide quoted text - - Show quoted text Tom, There's are several serious points in there - may be too subtle for a guy who is sometimes right but never uncertain. Honestly, I thought it was pretty arrogant of you to assert so stridently what the situation was in the cockpit for Dave and what he should or shouldn't have done with respect to flying the airplane versus using the radio. I also thought your choice of adjectives ("neglegent" for instance) was particularly offensive. Finally, you style of argument where you distort what others say, take ideas out of context and personally attack anyone who you think might disagree with you is reminiscent of a precocious 12 year old boy with poor impulse control. I also think your advice, and particularly the style in which you give it doesn't advance the cause of safety.When people see the world in such sharp contrast and adhere to fixed procedures or slogans at the expense of thinking and adapting the the situation - that's when extremely bad things happen. At least one purpose of this forum is to share the types of incidents that Dave experienced so we can all think about them, discuss them and learn. The "you're all knuckleheads let me tell what the only right answer is" doesn't encourage an open exchange at all. I thought a little humor might allow you to open up your thinking and see things from a different perspective - my mistake. - Andy- Hide quoted text - - Show quoted text - Oh Puhleese, Andy. You call me strident after calling me names. So- called "humor' generally comes at the expense of someone else. IMO Dave could have made a radio transmission while flying straight and level. By his own statement he didn't because he "didn't want to bother them", not "I was scared ****less". I assume he can do that while flying the pattern, most pilots can. That was my one - and only - (initial) contribution to what he could have done differently. I feel your real objection to my suggestion is your complete aversion to talking to anyone associated with the FAA. Many glider pilots share this reluctance, probably because they trained on uncontrolled airports and never learned the lingo. Some even got the licenses in gliders w/o radios. The FAA does have a publication on this subject and is worthwhile reading for any pilot. Radio communication is one of the cheapest and most effective safety devices that we have. Period. I once complained (to the FAA) that the local jump operator was not broadcasting a jump announcement on the CTAF. It turns out that one of his radios was in-op, and he had to be on Seattle Center with the other. He was ****ed - but he fixed the radio. Did I care what he thought about me? HELL NO! I just didn't want one of his jumpers landing in my lap. Sometimes you have to be blunt to make a point ("what part of mid-air don't you understand"). I once witnessed a motorglider accident that should never have happened: strictly because of poor airmanship. After making sure the pilot, a friend of mine, was OK I told him his skills were seriously lacking and he needed additional instruction. I also told him I would prefer to have a live enemy than a dead friend. He ended up selling the glider - and we are still friends. Another friend liked to drink and fly (ultralights), despite our concerns. He is dead now - after losing control of his ultralight while under the influence. If you haven't figured it out yet, I take safety very seriously and will take whatever steps I feel that are necessary to correct a safety concern. And that includes contacting the FAA (which I have done several times, mostly with positive outcomes). At this point I do not think that that is necessary or helpful, as I believe (or hope) that Dave has got the message, the most important is don't get yourself into that position to begin with. I don't think you will argue with that. Let's call a truce - I don't think there is much more to be gained here and I don't think that we are really that much in disagreement. Tom- Hide quoted text - - Show quoted text - Fair enough Tom. Blunt's okay with me. When a post denigrates the motives or intelligence of ones interlocutors it's over the line IMHO - plus you lose your audience. Andy |
#64
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Troubling story and some questions
On Jan 10, 4:06*pm, " wrote:
Hi: Jumping into the fray here (both feet!) with some ASRS reports about NMACs at altitude. ACN: 751929 Date : 200708 (B737-300 at 14000 MSL near Reno, NV) Synopsis: B737 FLT CREW RPTS TCAS RA WITH GLIDER AT 14000 FT 25 NM SW OF RNO. Narrative: 14000 FT SW OF RNO, APCH ADVISED TFC WITH XPONDER AT OR NEAR OUR ALT. THE TFC QUICKLY BECAME A TA AND THEN AN RA. I FOLLOWED CONFLICT GUIDANCE WITH A DSCNT AND THEN THE RA QUICKLY COMMANDED A 'CLB, CLB NOW.' I QUICKLY START CLBING WITH MAX POWER AND THEN DECIDED TO TURN OFF COURSE TO THE WEST. A GLIDER PASSED OFF OUR R/EAST SIDE APPROX 200 FT COMING HEAD ON. THE TA/RA ISSUES WERE THE GLIDER WAS CLBING AND DSNDING WHICH CAUSED THE TA/RA TO REVERSE ITS CONFLICT CALL FROM DSND TO CLB. APCH IN RNO IS VERY UPSET WITH THESE GLIDERS AND WE NEED SOME RESTRS ON THEIR AIRSPACE TO AVOID THIS CONFLICT. THESE MANEUVERS WERE AGGRESSIVE AND I PERSONALLY FEEL IF THEY HAD NOT BEEN FOLLOWED, A WORSE SITUATION WOULD HAVE OCCURRED. GLIDER RESTRS. ACN: 739528 Date : 200705 (Citation II flying at 12000 MSL) Synopsis: C550 FLT CREW TOOK EVASIVE ACTION TO AVOID GLIDER ACTIVITY. Narrative: WE WERE ON THE ZZZZZ ARR INTO ZZZ, DSNDING TO 12000 FT TO MEET THE XING RESTR, WHEN THE CTLR TOLD US TO DSND TO 11000 FT FOR TFC. WE SAW A TARGET AT 500 FT ABOVE ON THE TCAS (JUST APPEARED) AND AS WE INCREASED OUR RATE OF DSCNT WE GOT A TFC ALERT AND THE TARGET TURNED TO ORANGE ON THE TCAS. WE SAW A GLIDER AND RPTED IT TO ATC (WE PREVIOUSLY HEARD HIM ALERT ANOTHER ACFT OF AN UNIDENTED TARGET IN THE AREA, POSSIBLY A GLIDER) AS THE GLIDER PASSED SLIGHTLY TO OUR 1 O'CLOCK POS, ANOTHER GLIDER APPEARED DIRECTLY AT 12 O'CLOCK POS, THE PF BANKED STEEPLY TO THE R AND DSNDED FURTHER TO AVOID THE GLIDER. LOOKING TO MY L I SAW A FLASH OF PARTIAL GLIDER PASS ABOVE US (WE WERE CLOSE ENOUGH THAT THE COMPLETE WING SPAN WAS NOT VISIBLE). I ADVISED THE CTLR WE WERE DIVERTING FOR ANOTHER GLIDER AND WE WENT BELOW OUR ASSIGNED ALT BY OVER 400 FT WHILE RECOVERING. BOTH GLIDERS WERE FLYING JUST ABOVE THE RIDGE, A GREAT PLACE TO SOAR, BUT PRECISELY ON THE ARR PATH AND ALT. ONLY 1 TA WAS VISIBLE ON THE TCAS. THIS WAS A GREAT CALL FROM THE CTLR, AS XMISSIONS WERE THE USUAL BUSY ZZZ ARR ON A FRIDAY EVENING. AFTER A MOMENT OF SILENCE, I ADVISED THE CTLR AGAIN THAT THERE WERE 2 GLIDERS ON THE ARR ABOVE THE RIDGE. I WILL ATTEMPT TODAY TO CALL THE TRACON TO DISCUSS THE ALT DEV AND THANK THE CTLR FOR HIS VIGILANCE. ACN: 736824 Date : 200704 A320 at 11000 MSL Synopsis: A320 CAPTAIN EXPERIENCES NMAC WITH GLIDER WHILE IN DESCENT TO LAS. Narrative: NEAR MISS WITH GLIDER FLYING N TO S ALONG RIDGE LINE. CLOSEST POINT OF INTERCEPT: APPROX 200 FT. NO EVASIVE ACTION TAKEN BASED ON GEOMETRY. WE TOLD CTLR AND SHE INFORMED THE NEXT ARR ACFT BEHIND US OF A POSSIBLE 'PRIMARY' TARGET. I SPOKE WITH TRACON AND THEY SAID THEY FREQUENTLY FLY THE RIDGE AND ARE HARD TO DETECT ON RADAR. HE ALSO MENTIONED THAT GLIDERS CAN STILL FLY IN CLASS C WITHOUT MODE C. ACN: 716529 Date : 200611 B737-700 at 6000MSL near Panoche Synopsis: B737-700 FLT CREW HAS A TCAS RA DURING PANOCHE TWO ARR TO OAK. ACFT WAS ON PANOCHE ARR INTO OAK IN VMC CONDITIONS. WE WERE VECTORED 10 DEGS R OF COURSE FOR GA ACFT SEPARATION. WE WERE LEVEL AT 6000 FT AND INSTRUCTED TO DSND TO 5000 FT TO CLR TFC. I SAW TFC MANEUVERING AT OUR 11 O'CLOCK POS AND WAS TOLD BY ATC THAT IT WAS A MOONEY ABOVE US. HOWEVER, IT TURNED OUT TO BE A GLIDER BELOW US IN A R BANK TURNING DIRECTLY TOWARDS US. THE GLIDER CONTINUED TO TURN AND CLB TOWARDS US. I ADDED PWR AND STARTED A CLB AND TURNED AWAY FROM THE TFC. THE FO NOTIFIED ATC OF OUR AVOIDANCE MANEUVER JUST AS THE TCAS RA SOUNDED A FEW SECONDS AFTER ADDING PWR. IT INDICATED A 2000 FPM CLB IN ORDER TO CLR THE TFC, AND WE CLBED IMMEDIATELY TO 7000 FT. THE CTLR SEEMED CONFUSED TO WHY WE WERE CLBING WHEN WE WERE GIVEN A DSCNT CLRNC. THE CTLR DID NOT KNOW THERE WAS A GLIDER IN THE AREA AND HAD NO CONTACT WITH THE GLIDER. ATC INSTRUCTED US TO DSND WHEN ABLE. VFR TFC SHOULD AVOID MANEUVERING OVER ARR RTES WITHOUT COMMUNICATING TO ATC. ACN: 708924 Date : 200608 Citation V at 16000 MSL Synopsis: A C560 CLBING OUT OF BJC EXPERIENCED A NEAR MISS WITH A SAILPLANE AT 16000 FT. WHILE BEING VECTORED AROUND A SLOWER ACFT ON THE ROCK14.EKR DEP FROM THE BOULDER JEFFERSON COUNTY ARPT, WE EXPERIENCED A NEAR MISS WITH A SAILPLANE. WE WERE ASSIGNED ON A 240 DEG HDG, CLRED TO FL230 FROM DENVER DEP CTL ON THE 126.1 MHZ FREQ, AND CLBING AT 280 KTS CAS AT 2000 FPM. AT EXACTLY 16000 FT MSL, WE WERE STARTLED BY THE SIGHTING OF THE GLIDER AT ABOUT OUR 1 O'CLOCK POSITION AND A QUARTER MILE DISTANT. THE GLIDER WAS FLYING AT APPROX THE SAME HDG IN STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLT SO HE WAS UNAWARE OF US AT THAT MOMENT. I MADE NO EVASIVE MANEUVER AND THE GLIDER PASSED OUR STARBOARD WING ABOUT TWO SECONDS LATER. MY GUESS IS THAT THE GLIDER WAS ABOUT A FOOTBALL FIELD LENGTH HORIZONTALLY AWAY -- CLOSE ENOUGH TO SEE THE PLT CLEARLY. I CAN ONLY GUESS THAT THE PLT OF THIS GLIDER WAS EQUALLY STARTLED BY THE SIGHT AND SOUND OF OUR PASSING CLOSELY AT A HIGH RATE OF SPD AND THRUST. WE MENTIONED THE NEAR MISS SITUATION TO DEP CTL AND HE RESPONDED TO US THAT HE HAD NO RADAR OR RADIO CONTACT WITH THE GLIDER. GLIDER ACFT, OUTSIDE OF CLASS A, B, AND C AIRSPACE, ARE EXEMPT FROM XPONDER/ALT REPORTING EQUIP UNDER FAR 91.215(b)(5). A WEEK AGO A HAWKER HS-125 JET COLLIDED WITH A GLIDER NEAR MEV IN A SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCE WITH NO CASUALTIES EXCEPT FOR THE TOTAL DESTRUCTION OF THE SAILPLANE AND SERIOUS DAMAGE TO THE JET. I BELIEVE IT WOULD BE PRUDENT FOR SAILPLANE PLTS TO CARRY A HANDHELD TRANSCEIVER AND POSSIBLY A MODE 3/A OR C XPONDER TO COMMUNICATE WITH ATC FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVAL REASONS. CARRYING ABOARD PORTABLE SYSTEMS WOULD NOT BE DIFFICULT. SIZE, COST, AND WT WOULD POSE VERY LITTLE PROBLEM. THIS INCIDENT IMPRESSED ON ME AND MY FO OF THE IMPORTANCE OF 'SEE-AND AVOID' ON AN IFR CLRNC IN VMC. IN SPECULATION, IF THE GLIDER HAD BEEN DIRECTLY IN OUR PATH, I'M CONFIDENT THAT WE COULD HAVE EVADED A COLLISION AT THE INITIAL SIGHTING WITH A QUARTER MILE SEPARATION. IT WOULD HAVE BEEN VERY CLOSE REQUIRING AN ABRUPT PULL-UP MANEUVER. IF WE HAD NOT BEEN WATCHING, IN THIS SAME SCENARIO, I HAVE NIGHTMARES CONTEMPLATING THE RESULT. ACN: 679562 Date : 200512 Synopsis: A B737-300 PLT RPTS AN NMAC WITH A GLIDER AT 13000 FT APPROX 30 DME S ON APCH TO RNO RWY 34. Narrative: WHILE DSNDING ON TARVR 1 ARR INTO RNO, APCH CTLR CALLED POSSIBLE GLIDER TFC AT OUR 12-1 O'CLOCK POS, APPROX 5 MI, ALT UNKNOWN. WE ENTERED A CLOUD CONTINUING OUR IFR DSCNT. UPON EXITING THE CLOUD AT APPROX 13000 FT MSL AND 30 DME FROM RNO, ON THE TARVR 1 ARR BTWN THE FIXES TARVR AND SPOON, THE CAPT SPOTTED THE GLIDER AT CLOSE RANGE ON THE APPROX SAME HDG AND ALT. THE CAPT TOOK CTL OF THE ACFT. THE CAPT TOOK EVASIVE MANEUVERS TO AVOID THE GLIDER. THE CLOSEST POINT OF APCH WAS APPROX 200 FT. WE INFORMED THE CTLR OF THE NMAC AND CONTINUED UNEVENTFULLY INTO RENO. I BELIEVE THE GLIDER HAD NO SITUATIONAL AWARENESS AS TO HIS LOCATION ALONG THE ARR INTO RENO. PERHAPS THE GLIDER PLTS NEED SOME WAY OF BEING INFORMED WHEN RENO IS CONDUCTING N ARRS. ACN: 656782 Date : 200505 Synopsis: B737 FLT CREW WITH ZAU AT 7000 FT EXPERIENCED NMAC WITH UNRPTED SAILPLANE DURING ARR TO MDW. Narrative: I WAS ON THE MOTIF ARR TO MDW TALKING TO ZAU. I CANNOT RECALL THE FREQ, BUT THE LAST ONE BEFORE HDOF TO APCH. WE WERE ORIGINALLY CLRED TO CROSS 5 MI S OF JOT AT 6000 FT AND WERE THEN CLRED TO CROSS 10 MI S OF JOT AT 7000 FT, WHICH WE COMPLIED. FLT CONDITIONS WERE CLR OF CLOUDS AND HAZY WITH FLT VISIBILITY AROUND 5 MI. WE WERE LEVEL AT 7000 FT INDICATING 250 KTS WITH THE FO FLYING. I WAS DOING MY NORMAL SCAN FOR TFC WHEN JUST AHEAD, APPROX 11 O'CLOCK POS, A SAILPLANE APPEARED STRAIGHT-ON IN A STEEP R BANK. IT WENT PAST MY SIDE WINDOW STILL IN THE BANK, BUT VERY CLOSE, MAYBE 200 FT LEFT AND LESS THAN 50 FT ABOVE. THIS ALL HAPPENED IN AN INSTANT, BUT I ACTUALLY SAW THE PLT IN HIS SEAT. THE SAILPLANE WAS A T-TAIL SINGLE SEAT VERSION. MY FO ALSO SAW THE ACFT FOR AN INSTANT AFTER HE MUST HAVE HEARD ME SAY AN '&^%$#.' THERE WAS ABSOLUTELY NO TIME FOR AN EVASIVE MANEUVER. THE ACFT APPEARED OUT OF NOWHERE AND ITS CROSS SECTION STRAIGHT-ON IN HAZY CONDITIONS MADE IT NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE. I CALLED THE CTR AND SAID I HAD A CLOSE CALL WITH A SAILPLANE AND WAS ASKED HOW CLOSE. I SAID LESS THAN 500 FT, AND HE ACKNOWLEDGED SAYING THAT NO ACFT WAS BEING PAINTED NEAR ME. I WAS THEN HANDED OVER TO CHICAGO APCH CTL AND ALSO TOLD HIM ABOUT THE SAILPLANE ACTIVITY ON THE ARR, AND HE SAID HE WAS GETTING A HIT EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE IN THAT AREA. I BELIEVE THAT IF WE WERE 100 FT LEFT AND A FEW FT HIGHER, A COLLISION WOULD HAVE OCCURRED. AS A CREW, WE WERE ACTIVELY SCANNING AND PREPARING FOR 'NORMAL' VECTORS TO THE APCH. I SAW NO FAULT IN ATC WHATSOEVER. I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW WHY SAILPLANES ARE ALLOWED TO FLY ON A KNOWN ARR RTE TO ONE OF THE BUSIEST AIRSPACES IN THE COUNTRY, ESPECIALLY WITHOUT A XPONDER. I HAVE WRACKED MY BRAIN TRYING TO THINK OF WHAT I COULD HAVE DONE DIFFERENTLY, BUT FIND NOTHING. WE WERE A STERILE COCKPIT WITH ALL ACFT LIGHTS. I JUST DID NOT SEE THE ACFT COMING, AND ANY REACTION WOULD HAVE BEEN TOO LATE. THE GLIDERS HAVE EVERY RIGHT TO BE FLYING, BUT MAYBE A CHANGE IN THE ARR RTE AWAY FROM GLIDER FIELDS OR AN ALT CAP FOR THEM IN THAT AREA SHOULD BE LOOKED AT. ALSO, TRAINING TO THE GLIDER PLTS IN THE AREA OUGHT TO BE GIVEN, OUTLINING THE HIGH DENSITY ARR RTES TO THE CHICAGO AREA. IT WAS A CHILLING EVENT TO MY FO AND ME. IT WAS A VERY CLOSE CALL. ACN: 621472 Date : 200406 Synopsis: S56 CTLR RPTED NMAC BTWN B737 ARR TO SLC AND GLIDER AT 11000 FT. Narrative: I WAS WORKING THE JORDAN RADAR SECTOR (SALT LAKE CITY TRACON) AND HAD CLRED ACFT X FOR A VISUAL APCH TO RWY 34R. AT 11000 FT HE RPTED TAKING EVASIVE ACTION TO MISS A GLIDER AND RPTED AN NMAC. I NEVER OBSERVED ANY TFC IN HIS VICINITY. THE AREA IS APPROX 8 MI FROM A KNOWN GLIDER AREA, WHERE THERE IS A 'GLIDER BOX' FOR GLIDERS TO CLB/ DSND THROUGH ... read more » Great post - sobering. |
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Troubling story and some questions
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Troubling story and some questions
SO U DNT FRGT HW TO READ THE ARCNE WTHR FRCSTS.
"Alastair Harrison" wrote in message : wrote: Hi: Jumping into the fray here (both feet!) with some ASRS reports about NMACs at altitude. ... SNIPPED a number of sobering reports ... These came from the first 50 hits from a search on "glider" on the ASRS database. -Teresa Yes, sobering indeed. Forgive my ignorance, but why are the reports written in that compressed style and missing lots of vowels? Is there a good reason, or is it historical? Alastair |
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Troubling story and some questions
On Jan 10, 4:06*pm, " wrote:
Hi: Jumping into the fray here (both feet!) with some ASRS reports about NMACs at altitude. Last year I installed a transponder and PCAS and I wouldn't fly around Reno without them. Last spring a light twin and I saw and talked (on 123.3) We were below Reno's radar coverage, he saw my 0440 squawk on his TCAS and I picked up his transponder on my PCAS........................That report about gliders coming down the ridge line at 12,000 feet is undoubtedly from the Dog Skins Ridge just west of Air Sailing. This is serious, folks..........we can voluntarialy install transponders now (around areas like Reno) or have them mandated right after a glider gets shredded by an airliner! I can see the headline now, "Pleasure seekers flying plastic toys, endanger the flying public". JJ |
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Troubling story and some questions
JJ Sinclair wrote:
On Jan 10, 4:06 pm, " wrote: Hi: Jumping into the fray here (both feet!) with some ASRS reports about NMACs at altitude. Last year I installed a transponder and PCAS and I wouldn't fly around Reno without them. Last spring a light twin and I saw and talked (on 123.3) We were below Reno's radar coverage, he saw my 0440 squawk on his TCAS and I picked up his transponder on my PCAS........................That report about gliders coming down the ridge line at 12,000 feet is undoubtedly from the Dog Skins Ridge just west of Air Sailing. This is serious, folks..........we can voluntarialy install transponders now (around areas like Reno) or have them mandated right after a glider gets shredded by an airliner! I can see the headline now, "Pleasure seekers flying plastic toys, endanger the flying public". Jeeze JJ, don't write the headlines for them! I agree otherwise. Shawn |
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Troubling story and some questions
On Jan 11, 12:06 am, Soarin Again
wrote: The SparrowHawk may be either operated as an ultralight vehicle or an experimental aircraft - choice of owner. There are advantages and disadvantages in either category. I operate my SparrowHawk as an ultralight but have it equipped probably better than many gliders with EDS O2, a transponder and a ballistic parachute. Since I still belong to USHPA (US Hang Gliding Paragliding Association) I am covered for $1,000,000 liability insurance for only $60. Also because there is no N number the SparrowHawk falls into the same category as hang gliders/ paragliders and there are no local property taxes to be paid. Since I have 10 years of sailplane experience and most operators know me in this part of the world I have no problems getting a tow from the local FBOs. For me the obvious choice was ultralight category. For others there may be good reasons for experimental category. These may include getting hull insurance and the requirement from the FBO have a registered aircraft if you want a tow. Because the FAA never envisioned a SparrowHawk when Part 103 was generated there are almost no operating restrictions on an unpowered ultralights - no pilot license, no air worthiness certificate, no pilot flying experience, no stall speed requirements, no maximum speed restrictions, no O2 requirements and the list goes on. The only restrictions are weight (155lbs without installed safety equipment), one person, no flying over populous areas and keeping out of ATC controlled airspace (A, B,C and D) except with permission. I still have yet to land the SparrowHawk at Reid Hillview Airport (D airspace) in San Jose, CA which is a very busy towered GA airport, but they are quite comfortable with me landing the Stemme as a glider that I am sure after a couple of questions and clarifications I would be given permission. Dave I went to the Sparrowhawk web page where it shows the empty weight as 155 lbs. Are you saying that with a transponder, radio, batteries and oxygen system installed the Sparrowhawk still weighs only 155 lbs? |
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Troubling story and some questions
So why the %$#@& won't the FAA let someone build a modern, inexpensive
"transponder" that we could install for under $500 (perhaps even less)?? Why must all equipment meet the highest standards?? Why is it that a "certificated" version of FLARM would likely cost several thousand dollars and likely not be available for many years? Think about it: FLARM exists now and is portable. It may take some work on the software and perhaps transmitter for it to work with closing speeds of 500+ knots, such as two jets on a head on course or glider above 10K head on to fast jet, etc... But, if some mandate came along to use these "as is" and every aircraft in the US must carry one, the sheer volume would reduce the price to just a few hundred dollars. It wouldn't be perfect, but would likely eliminate several fatalities a year, and many more near misses. Granted, it wouldn't be PERFECT, but it would be MUCH better than what we have now. Unfortunately, at least 2 problems exist: FAA: If it's not PERFECT, we don't want it Lawyers: It's not perfect, you knew it, and you sold it. My client's life was saved a dozen times over the last few years, but that's not important because last time there was a problem. So I want this "defective" system shut down immediately and lots of $$$ as well. ---sigh. |
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