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Thread Tools | Display Modes |
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#1
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Autopilots... failure modes
I am interested in learning from everyone...
a. What autopilot your aircraft is equipped with? b. What aircraft your autopilot is installed in? c. What does your autopilot use for heading/altitude/attitude reference? d. What does your autopilot use for loc/gs reference? e. If your heading/altitude/attitude reference fails, what functions does you autopilot still provide? f. With failed heading/altitude/attitude reference, does the loc/gs still function? |
#2
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correction...
f. With failed heading/altitude/attitude reference, does the loc/gs tracking still function properly? john smith wrote: I am interested in learning from everyone... a. What autopilot your aircraft is equipped with? b. What aircraft your autopilot is installed in? c. What does your autopilot use for heading/altitude/attitude reference? d. What does your autopilot use for loc/gs reference? e. If your heading/altitude/attitude reference fails, what functions does you autopilot still provide? f. With failed heading/altitude/attitude reference, does the loc/gs still function? |
#3
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Here is a link to a very good article on autopilots on the Avionics West web
page. I think it answers a lot of your questions. http://avionicswest.com/articles/kno..._autopilot.htm -Brenor "john smith" wrote in message ... I am interested in learning from everyone... a. What autopilot your aircraft is equipped with? b. What aircraft your autopilot is installed in? c. What does your autopilot use for heading/altitude/attitude reference? d. What does your autopilot use for loc/gs reference? e. If your heading/altitude/attitude reference fails, what functions does you autopilot still provide? f. With failed heading/altitude/attitude reference, does the loc/gs still function? |
#4
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"Brenor Brophy" wrote
Here is a link to a very good article on autopilots on the Avionics West web page. I think it answers a lot of your questions. http://avionicswest.com/articles/kno..._autopilot.htm That's not a bad article. I do have some issues with it. First off, it ignores the most important difference between rate-based and attitude-based autopilot - performance in turbulence in a slick airplane. Attitude-based autopilots (those that use pickoffs on the horizon gyro) work all the time. Rate-based autopilots (those that use pickoffs on the turn coordinator) work in smooth air or with light, draggy airplanes. In a heavier slicker airplane, especially a twin, turbulence makes for a very uncomfortable ride because all the corrections are too much too late. There are NO rate-based autopilots in the transport category - they just wouldn't work. The whole system failure issue is more complex that it seems. The reality is that ALL autopilots built for GA use can roll you over in a heartbeat - every one of them without exception. Vacuum failure is only one mechanism for this - it causes the gyro to provide incorrect bank information. Here are some others: Bad connection. Really. A bad conenction to the attitude indicator (AI) or turn coordinator (TC) means the system has no idea what the bank angle or rate of turn is - but it thinks it does. Over you go. Bad brushes/dirt. A TC with bad brushes can come to a halt - and not flag out. An AI with dirt/water sucked in can stop spinning or go nuts because of the pendulous vanes - and not flag out. Warning flags on GA gyros are near-useless - they monitor only the power source, not actual rotation. Electronic failures - there is lots of circuitry required to read that AI or TC. Any of it can fail. Over you go. Bad computer. The modern autopilots are computer based. The sytem crashes, and over you go. The bottom line is that with any GA autopilot system, you as the pilot must continuously and carefully monitor whichever gyro(s) the autopilot is NOT using. The autopilot is only a way for you to take your hands off the controls, not a way to stop the scan. Michael |
#5
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#6
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"Michael" wrote in message om... http://avionicswest.com/articles/kno..._autopilot.htm That's not a bad article. I do have some issues with it. First off, it ignores the most important difference between rate-based and attitude-based autopilot - performance in turbulence in a slick airplane. Attitude-based autopilots (those that use pickoffs on the horizon gyro) work all the time. Rate-based autopilots (those that use pickoffs on the turn coordinator) work in smooth air or with light, draggy airplanes. In a heavier slicker airplane, especially a twin, turbulence makes for a very uncomfortable ride because all the corrections are too much too late. There are NO rate-based autopilots in the transport category - they just wouldn't work. You might want to take a gander at this article. I'm not sure what you mean by slow corrections, but evidently S-TEC (taken with a grain of salt) has optimized the corrections, as well as smoothed them to avoid overstressing the aircraft in turbulence. See Pages 6 & 7. http://www.s-tec.com/pdf/autopilotbook.pdf Matt --------------------- Matthew W. Barrow Site-Fill Homes, LLC. Montrose, CO |
#7
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Matt,
You might want to take a gander at this article. I'm not sure what you mean by slow corrections, but evidently S-TEC (taken with a grain of salt) has optimized the corrections, as well as smoothed them to avoid overstressing the aircraft in turbulence. See Pages 6 & 7. http://www.s-tec.com/pdf/autopilotbook.pdf ....but the S-Tec related Meggit line of products just offerd an autopilot aimed at the multi/turboprop market, and it's attitude(position) based. Seems the realized that a rate-based auto is not on par with the airplane when installed in, e.g, a fast single-engine turboprop, just as Michael said. Regards Kai |
#8
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Autopilot failure modes are a bit of a mystery, but I can tell you
from first hand experience, some failure modes would be very bad indeed. One absolutely needs to keep an eye on the gyros the autopilot DOES NOT use and turn the autopilot off if there is disagreement. My answers below: john smith wrote in message ... I am interested in learning from everyone... a. What autopilot your aircraft is equipped with? Century I b. What aircraft your autopilot is installed in? Aviat Husky c. What does your autopilot use for heading/altitude/attitude reference? Uses both the electric TC, and if coupled then either the GPS obs indicator or the VOR for right and left d. What does your autopilot use for loc/gs reference? It uses the VOR indicator for right and left, no altitude e. If your heading/altitude/attitude reference fails, what functions I am not sure of this failure mode. The autopilot uses both the TC and the GPS for it's right and left. does you autopilot still provide? f. With failed heading/altitude/attitude reference, does the loc/gs still function? Yes, it still functions |
#9
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#10
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john smith wrote:
I am interested in learning from everyone... a. What autopilot your aircraft is equipped with? b. What aircraft your autopilot is installed in? c. What does your autopilot use for heading/altitude/attitude reference? d. What does your autopilot use for loc/gs reference? e. If your heading/altitude/attitude reference fails, what functions does you autopilot still provide? f. With failed heading/altitude/attitude reference, does the loc/gs still function? Good questions all - for me, this is an item of emphasis when providing Cirrus (SR-20 or 22) transition training. The failure modes are relatively varied and sophisticated, and really require an understanding of how the S-TEC 55X interfaces with the PFD, air data computer, and the Garmins 430s. Assuming the discussion is GA-centric, you can boil this down into two "basic" categories of autopilots - rate-based, and attitude-based. S-TEC is rate-based, which essentially means it's measuring your rate of turn for roll and heading control. Century's autopilots (which I'd consider to be old-tech equipment) look at the attitude indicator. If the AI is getting tired and leans a little to the left when the wings are level, the AP will fly the right wing low when trying to maintain heading. I fly several autopilots regularly. I fly the old (Altimatic, i.e. Century), the recent (KAP 140, the ubiquitous King AP installed in most current vintage single-engine Cessna airplanes), and the modern (S-TEC 55X, the best of the bunch in my opinion.) The answers to your questions would be largely different for all of them. Also, there are more questions you'd need to ask to completely understand the failure modes. For example, the S-TEC 55X will continue to fly the airplane in GPSS mode if the PFD or ADAHARS fails, but heading mode would be unavailable due to the lack of heading input. If the AP lost heading data during HDG mode operation, it would begin a large circling maneuver. If it was in GPSS mode at the time of the failure, it would continue operating seamlessly. Anyway, I don't have time to answer all of those questions for each of the autopilots I fly, but there you have some thoughts on the matter. -Ryan ATP/CFII (airplanes and helicopters) |
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