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Dornier Do 28
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_28
The type designation Dornier Do 28 comprises two different twin-engine STOL utility aircraft, manufactured by Dornier Flugzeugbau GmbH. Most of them served with the German Air Force and Marineflieger and other air forces around the world in the communications and utility role. The Do 28 series consists of the fundamentally different Do 28 A/B (1959) and Do 28 D Skyservant (1966). Dornier Do 28 A/B The Do 28 was developed from the single-engine Do 27 at the end of the 1950s. The design shared the high-wing cantilever layout and the lift augmentation devices of the Do 27, together with the rear fuselage which seated six passengers. The defining feature of the new design was the unusual incorporation of two Lycoming engines, as well as the two main landing gear shock struts of the faired main landing gear attached to short pylons on either side of the forward fuselage. The internal space of the Do 28 was the same as the Do 27. Like the Do 27, the Dornier Do 28 possessed a high cruising speed, excellent low-speed handling characteristics, as well as very short takeoff and landing (STOL) performance. The Do 28 was readily accepted as a natural progression from its single-engine forebear. With many of the same STOL characteristics, most Do 28 production was destined for military customers, notably Germany, although a small number were in service for commercial operators as a rugged, low-cost utility transport. The design proved remarkably adaptable and was developed into a number of progressively improved variants, from the original D, through the D1 and D2 to the 128-2, introduced in 1980. Each variant introduced a number of detail changes that enhanced its already versatile performance capabilities. The Dornier company was given financial assistance from the German government to develop a larger STOL transport to carry up to 13 passengers. The type was designated the Do 28D and later named Skyservant. The Do 28D was a complete redesign and shared only the basic layout and wing construction of the earlier versions. The fuselage and engine nacelles were rectangular, unlike the rounded Do 28A/B. The aim was to develop a simple and rugged aircraft for use under arduous conditions, which could be easily maintained. With a crew of two pilots, the cabin accommodated up to 12 passengers; freight could be loaded easily through large double doors and with the seats removed the cabin gave 283 sq ft (26.3 m2) of unobstructed space. The first flight of a Do 28D took place on 23 February 1966 and the type was publicly exhibited at the Paris Air Show at Le Bourget airport in June 1967. Role STOL light utility aircraft Manufacturer Dornier Flugzeugbau GmbH First flight 29 April 1959 (Do 28 A/B) 23 February 1966 (Do 28D) Status In civilian and military use Primary user German Air Force Developed from Dornier Do 27 Developed into Dornier Do 228 A total of 121 Dornier Do 28D-2s were built between 1971 and 1974 at Oberpfaffenhofen for the Bundeswehr (German Federal Armed Forces) where they replaced aging Percival Pembrokes. They served until the introduction of the Dornier Do 228 in 1994, predominantly as a transportation and communications aircraft. 20 aircraft were transferred to the Marineflieger, 10 served from 1978 in the maritime reconnaissance role, additional underwing fuel tanks were fitted for extended endurance . The high noise levels and vibration in the cabin led to the type's replacement by the significantly quieter turboprop-powered Do 228. During the 20 years in German military service, only three aircraft were lost to accidents. The Do 28D was flown in 30 countries around the world and is still in service today. More than 150 aircraft were built. In the German Federal Armed Forces jargon, the Skyservant was called the "farmer's eagle" and was regarded as a reliable "workhorse". Turkey received two specially equipped SIGINT aircraft with the code name of 'Anadolou' as well as the normal transport version. Specifications (Do 28B-1) General characteristics Crew: 1 Capacity: 7 passengers Length: 9.00 m (29 ft 6 in) Wingspan: 13.80 m (45 ft 3 in) Height: 2.80 m (9 ft 2 in) Wing area: 22.4 m2 (241 sq ft) Aspect ratio: 8.5:1 Airfoil: NACA 23018 (modified) Empty weight: 1,730 kg (3,814 lb) Max takeoff weight: 2,720 kg (5,997 lb) Fuel capacity: 616 L (163 US gal; 136 imp gal) Powerplant: 2 × Lycoming IO-540A air-cooled flat-six, 220 kW (290 hp) each Propellers: 3-bladed Hartzell variable-pitch propellers, 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) diameter Performance Maximum speed: 290 km/h (180 mph, 160 kn) at sea level Cruise speed: 242 km/h (150 mph, 131 kn) at sea level (econ cruise) Stall speed: 70 km/h (43 mph, 38 kn) Never exceed speed: 334 km/h (208 mph, 180 kn) Range: 1,235 km (767 mi, 667 nmi) (maximum payload) Ferry range: 1,680 km (1,040 mi, 910 nmi) (auxiliary fuel tanks) Service ceiling: 6,300 m (20,700 ft) Rate of climb: 7.1 m/s (1,400 ft/min) Takeoff distance to 15 m (50 ft): 290 m (950 ft) Landing distance from 15 m (50 ft): 230 m (750 ft) Specifications (Do 28D-2 Skyservant) General characteristics Crew: 1 or 2 Capacity: 12 or 13 passengers Length: 11.41 m (37 ft 5 in) Wingspan: 15.55 m (51 ft 0 in) Height: 3.90 m (12 ft 10 in) Wing area: 29.00 m2 (312.2 sq ft) Aspect ratio: 8.3:1 Airfoil: NACA 23018 (modified) Empty weight: 2,304 kg (5,079 lb) Max takeoff weight: 4,015 kg (8,852 lb) Fuel capacity: 893 L (236 US gal; 196 imp gal) Powerplant: 2 × Lycoming IGSO-540-A1E air-cooled flat-six engines, 280 kW (380 hp) each Propellers: 3-bladed Hartzell constant-speed propellers Performance Maximum speed: 325 km/h (202 mph, 175 kn) at 3,000 m (10,000 ft) Cruise speed: 241 km/h (150 mph, 130 kn) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) (econ cruise, 50% power) Stall speed: 104 km/h (65 mph, 56 kn) (power off, flaps down) Minimum control speed: 65 km/h (40 mph, 35 kn) (power on, flaps down) Range: 2,950 km (1,830 mi, 1,590 nmi) (with max fuel) Service ceiling: 7,680 m (25,200 ft) Rate of climb: 5.3 m/s (1,050 ft/min) * |
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