View Full Version : KX-155 LEDs
Steven Barnes
November 13th 03, 10:48 PM
Heh, on the way back from the avionics shop to get the IFR cert done and a
new VOR head installed, the LEDs went out on our #1 comm (KX-155). The first
2 digits ( 121.9, the 12 is gone). Just went out in flight. What is
involved in replacing the LEDs? Is it the whole cover?
We have to take the plane back again, since they couldn't finish the ifr
certification (leak in static system somewhere). So, I guess we'll have them
look at the radio too.
Any ideas? My wallet is panicking.
Thanks!
PP-ASEL
Ron Natalie
November 13th 03, 10:57 PM
"Steven Barnes" > wrote in message om...
> Heh, on the way back from the avionics shop to get the IFR cert done and a
> new VOR head installed, the LEDs went out on our #1 comm (KX-155). The first
> 2 digits ( 121.9, the 12 is gone). Just went out in flight. What is
> involved in replacing the LEDs? Is it the whole cover?
If it's a KX-155, they are not LED's. I've heard that sometimes you can get them back
by cleaning the contacts and reseating the display board. I've got a couple of segments
out as well.
Steven Barnes
November 13th 03, 11:03 PM
It's not just a couple segments, it's the whole 1st two numbers. We can
still dial a freq in, just have to count.
You can just pop the board/cover off the front? That's where the contacts
are?
Thanks. Sorry if this is common knowledge. 1st time airplane owner.
"Ron Natalie" > wrote in message
m...
>
> "Steven Barnes" > wrote in message
om...
> > Heh, on the way back from the avionics shop to get the IFR cert done and
a
> > new VOR head installed, the LEDs went out on our #1 comm (KX-155). The
first
> > 2 digits ( 121.9, the 12 is gone). Just went out in flight. What is
> > involved in replacing the LEDs? Is it the whole cover?
>
> If it's a KX-155, they are not LED's. I've heard that sometimes you can
get them back
> by cleaning the contacts and reseating the display board. I've got a
couple of segments
> out as well.
>
>
>
Stu Gotts
November 14th 03, 01:35 AM
Not really common knowledge and you could screw it up if you're not
careful. You need to take the actual digits out, then clean the
contacts with a good cleaner or maybe even alcohol. If they're not
bad, this will bring them back to life. It's takes a bit of patience,
but it's not brain surgery.
On Thu, 13 Nov 2003 23:03:46 GMT, "Steven Barnes"
> wrote:
>It's not just a couple segments, it's the whole 1st two numbers. We can
>still dial a freq in, just have to count.
>
>You can just pop the board/cover off the front? That's where the contacts
>are?
>
>Thanks. Sorry if this is common knowledge. 1st time airplane owner.
>
>
>"Ron Natalie" > wrote in message
m...
>>
>> "Steven Barnes" > wrote in message
om...
>> > Heh, on the way back from the avionics shop to get the IFR cert done and
>a
>> > new VOR head installed, the LEDs went out on our #1 comm (KX-155). The
>first
>> > 2 digits ( 121.9, the 12 is gone). Just went out in flight. What is
>> > involved in replacing the LEDs? Is it the whole cover?
>>
>> If it's a KX-155, they are not LED's. I've heard that sometimes you can
>get them back
>> by cleaning the contacts and reseating the display board. I've got a
>couple of segments
>> out as well.
>>
>>
>>
>
November 14th 03, 02:12 AM
Steven Barnes > wrote:
: Heh, on the way back from the avionics shop to get the IFR cert done and a
: new VOR head installed, the LEDs went out on our #1 comm (KX-155). The first
: 2 digits ( 121.9, the 12 is gone). Just went out in flight. What is
: involved in replacing the LEDs? Is it the whole cover?
Along those lines, I was wondering if anyone had any suggestions
for my KN-53 Nav. It's got similar plasma display as the KX-155, but
blanks out when it's really humid in the plane... like after a rain and
it's cold and damp in there. I took the lid off and snooped around for
cold solder joints, but couldn't find any. Upon poking around, I grounded
the high-voltage (using my fingertips... slightly unexpeted... yeoch!).
That blanked the digits too... SO, I'm thinking that it's a high-impedance
"short" when it's humid that kills the HV drive for the display. Any
thoughts on a coating, spacer, insulator? Sound plausible?
Thanks,
-Cory
--
************************************************** ***********************
* The prime directive of Linux: *
* - learn what you don't know, *
* - teach what you do. *
* (Just my 20 USm$) *
************************************************** ***********************
John Mireley
November 17th 03, 08:34 PM
Stu Gotts wrote:
> Not really common knowledge and you could screw it up if you're not
> careful. You need to take the actual digits out, then clean the
> contacts with a good cleaner or maybe even alcohol. If they're not
> bad, this will bring them back to life. It's takes a bit of patience,
> but it's not brain surgery.
>
A pencil eraser is commonly used to burnish the contacts.
John Mireley
Jay Masino
November 18th 03, 12:47 AM
John Mireley > wrote:
> A pencil eraser is commonly used to burnish the contacts.
You need to be careful with this method, because you can actually wear
some of the gold off the contacts (and eventually make the situation
worse).
-- Jay
__!__
Jay and Teresa Masino ___(_)___
http://www2.ari.net/jmasino/ ! ! !
Checkout http://www.oc-adolfos.com/
for the best Italian food in Ocean City, MD and...
Checkout http://www.brolow.com/ for authentic Blues music on Delmarva
Stu Gotts
November 18th 03, 01:55 AM
On Mon, 17 Nov 2003 15:34:43 -0500, John Mireley >
wrote:
>Stu Gotts wrote:
>> Not really common knowledge and you could screw it up if you're not
>> careful. You need to take the actual digits out, then clean the
>> contacts with a good cleaner or maybe even alcohol. If they're not
>> bad, this will bring them back to life. It's takes a bit of patience,
>> but it's not brain surgery.
>>
>
>A pencil eraser is commonly used to burnish the contacts.
>
>John Mireley
Ah yes, forgot about that one!
Mike Z.
November 18th 03, 04:03 PM
Try polishing with a dollar bill.
Takes the gunk away and leaves the plating where it belongs.
Mike Z
"John Mireley" > wrote in message ...
> Stu Gotts wrote:
> > Not really common knowledge and you could screw it up if you're not
> > careful. You need to take the actual digits out, then clean the
> > contacts with a good cleaner or maybe even alcohol. If they're not
> > bad, this will bring them back to life. It's takes a bit of patience,
> > but it's not brain surgery.
> >
>
> A pencil eraser is commonly used to burnish the contacts.
>
> John Mireley
>
John Purner
November 18th 03, 07:35 PM
I have the same problem with one of my KX155's and my ADF. Funny thing is
that about five minutes after takeoff. The problem clears up. It seems like
low voltage, but it isn't.
--
John Purner
Editor - The $100 Hamburger
http://www.100dollarhamburger.com
> wrote in message
...
> Steven Barnes > wrote:
> : Heh, on the way back from the avionics shop to get the IFR cert done and
a
> : new VOR head installed, the LEDs went out on our #1 comm (KX-155). The
first
> : 2 digits ( 121.9, the 12 is gone). Just went out in flight. What is
> : involved in replacing the LEDs? Is it the whole cover?
>
> Along those lines, I was wondering if anyone had any suggestions
> for my KN-53 Nav. It's got similar plasma display as the KX-155, but
> blanks out when it's really humid in the plane... like after a rain and
> it's cold and damp in there. I took the lid off and snooped around for
> cold solder joints, but couldn't find any. Upon poking around, I grounded
> the high-voltage (using my fingertips... slightly unexpeted... yeoch!).
> That blanked the digits too... SO, I'm thinking that it's a high-impedance
> "short" when it's humid that kills the HV drive for the display. Any
> thoughts on a coating, spacer, insulator? Sound plausible?
>
> Thanks,
> -Cory
>
> --
> ************************************************** ***********************
> * The prime directive of Linux: *
> * - learn what you don't know, *
> * - teach what you do. *
> * (Just my 20 USm$) *
> ************************************************** ***********************
>
>
November 18th 03, 08:00 PM
John Purner > wrote:
: I have the same problem with one of my KX155's and my ADF. Funny thing is
: that about five minutes after takeoff. The problem clears up. It seems like
: low voltage, but it isn't.
As I said it my post, I'm pretty sure that it's a pseudo-grounding
of the high-voltage that runs the displays. They're not LED's, and they
require a fairly high voltage, which is easier to bleed off due to
humidity. It's definately high enough to make you notice if you
accidentally brush up against it!
-Cory
--
************************************************** ***********************
* The prime directive of Linux: *
* - learn what you don't know, *
* - teach what you do. *
* (Just my 20 USm$) *
************************************************** ***********************
Victor J. Osborne, Jr.
November 18th 03, 09:34 PM
Related perhaps: My display is to dim to read at night. If I sine a
flashlight at the sensor (left side) the display brightens up. Any
suggestions?
--
Thx in Advance, {|;-)
Victor J. (Jim) Osborne, Jr.
take off my shoes to reply
Aaron Coolidge
November 18th 03, 10:57 PM
wrote:
: John Purner > wrote:
: : I have the same problem with one of my KX155's and my ADF. Funny thing is
: : that about five minutes after takeoff. The problem clears up. It seems like
: : low voltage, but it isn't.
: As I said it my post, I'm pretty sure that it's a pseudo-grounding
: of the high-voltage that runs the displays. They're not LED's, and they
: require a fairly high voltage, which is easier to bleed off due to
: humidity. It's definately high enough to make you notice if you
: accidentally brush up against it!
: -Cory
John, Cory, try this:
Take the displays out. Burnish the silver contacts on the displays.
I used a pencil eraser. Note that the contacts are not gold, if they
were they would not tarnish. Put a bead of dielectric grease on the
display's contacts. This will create a gas-tight contact, and keep
the condensation from bleeding off the +150V used to light the
displays. Put the displays back in.
This is what Conrad up at the Radio Shop at KORH did to my KX155's
when I was having similar difficulties a few years ago. No further
problems.
--
Aaron Coolidge (N9376J)
John Purner
November 18th 03, 11:11 PM
Aaron,
I hate to press to much but I really need the help. How exactly do you
remove the displays?
Thanks very, very much
--
John Purner
Editor - The $100 Hamburger
http://www.100dollarhamburger.com
"Aaron Coolidge" > wrote in message
...
> wrote:
> : John Purner > wrote:
> : : I have the same problem with one of my KX155's and my ADF. Funny thing
is
> : : that about five minutes after takeoff. The problem clears up. It seems
like
> : : low voltage, but it isn't.
>
> : As I said it my post, I'm pretty sure that it's a pseudo-grounding
> : of the high-voltage that runs the displays. They're not LED's, and they
> : require a fairly high voltage, which is easier to bleed off due to
> : humidity. It's definately high enough to make you notice if you
> : accidentally brush up against it!
>
> : -Cory
>
> John, Cory, try this:
> Take the displays out. Burnish the silver contacts on the displays.
> I used a pencil eraser. Note that the contacts are not gold, if they
> were they would not tarnish. Put a bead of dielectric grease on the
> display's contacts. This will create a gas-tight contact, and keep
> the condensation from bleeding off the +150V used to light the
> displays. Put the displays back in.
>
> This is what Conrad up at the Radio Shop at KORH did to my KX155's
> when I was having similar difficulties a few years ago. No further
> problems.
>
> --
> Aaron Coolidge (N9376J)
>
>
>
Steven Barnes
November 19th 03, 03:26 AM
One of my co-owners flew the plane a couple days after the digits vanished
on me. He said it worked fine. Hmmm.
I was very cold on my flight. Enough that I could see my breath. I wonder if
that had something to do with it.
"John Purner" > wrote in message
.. .
> Aaron,
>
> I hate to press to much but I really need the help. How exactly do you
> remove the displays?
>
> Thanks very, very much
>
> --
> John Purner
> Editor - The $100 Hamburger
> http://www.100dollarhamburger.com
> "Aaron Coolidge" > wrote in message
> ...
> > wrote:
> > : John Purner > wrote:
> > : : I have the same problem with one of my KX155's and my ADF. Funny
thing
> is
> > : : that about five minutes after takeoff. The problem clears up. It
seems
> like
> > : : low voltage, but it isn't.
> >
> > : As I said it my post, I'm pretty sure that it's a pseudo-grounding
> > : of the high-voltage that runs the displays. They're not LED's, and
they
> > : require a fairly high voltage, which is easier to bleed off due to
> > : humidity. It's definately high enough to make you notice if you
> > : accidentally brush up against it!
> >
> > : -Cory
> >
> > John, Cory, try this:
> > Take the displays out. Burnish the silver contacts on the displays.
> > I used a pencil eraser. Note that the contacts are not gold, if they
> > were they would not tarnish. Put a bead of dielectric grease on the
> > display's contacts. This will create a gas-tight contact, and keep
> > the condensation from bleeding off the +150V used to light the
> > displays. Put the displays back in.
> >
> > This is what Conrad up at the Radio Shop at KORH did to my KX155's
> > when I was having similar difficulties a few years ago. No further
> > problems.
> >
> > --
> > Aaron Coolidge (N9376J)
> >
> >
> >
>
>
Aaron Coolidge
November 19th 03, 05:24 AM
John Purner > wrote:
: Aaron,
: I hate to press to much but I really need the help. How exactly do you
: remove the displays?
: Thanks very, very much
John, this is for the King Crown equipment (KX155, KN62, etc).
Take radio out of plane. Remove front bezel, there are small philips
screws on the sides or top & botton of the radio. You don't need to remove
the knobs and switches (in fact, you can't until you've removed the bezel).
Now, you'll be looking at the display. It's the very fragile, very expensive
glass thingy. On the bottom, you'll see a row of 20 to 60 bent silver metal
fingers - these are the radio side of the contacts. The display contacts
are the dull silver squares that these bright metal fingers are touching.
To remove the display, carefully slide it away from the fingers. This is
hard to explain without graphics, but the display will slide a small distance
directly away from the fingers (toward the top, on a KX-155), and then
the bottom (again on a KX-155) will pivot slightly inward and the top
slightly outward. This pivoting will allow you to take the display out
of the radio, moving it up and away from the radio.
There is a little stub on the back of the display; this is how Dale fills
them with neon. The stub is exceptionally fragile! The rest of the display
is pretty solid, though.
Now, you'll see those 20-60 silver-plated fingers on the bottom edge of the
display. You can "burnish" them to remove the tarnish with a business card,
a pencil eraser, or whatever your favorite burnisher is. Be careful, the
silver isn't very thick! NEVER use abrasives of any sort (well, a pencil
eraser is technically an abrasive, but it's very fine). Try not to touch
these silver-plated contacts as your finger oils & acids will tarnish
them again. Do a final cleaning with alcohol.
Now is the time to put a bead of dielectric grease on top of those silver
square contacts. If you don't have dielectric grease, you may be able
to get it at Radio Shack, a good auto parts store, or a boating store.
Don't use "white lube", it's lithium based and conductive. Don't use
"heat sink grease", or anything but silicon-based dielectric grease!
To put the display back in, reverse the process. Drop it into the plastic
carrier with the bottom angled in and the top angled out. Push the top down
while guiding the bottom into contact with those shiny metal fingers. You
can push the left a little, then the right a little, back & forth. Soon, the
display will pop back into place. You'll have a big glop of dielectric
grease on your dining room table, and on the front of the display.
Make sure that the display contacts and the radio shiny fingers are properly
aligned, and not touching 2 contacts, etc.
Clean the display face with alcohol (rubbing, not bourbon). Takes off
the fingerprints, too!
Put the front bezel back on, and the radio back in the plane. Presto!
No more funky digits! (Probably.)
What if this doesn't work? Then, the display itself is probably no good.
The neon gradually leaks out, and the display gets dimmer and dimmer.
When it's cold, the display is dimmer yet. If this describes the problem
you're having, you need a new display, which will cost around $200.
Good luck! (PS, to email, remove 'spam' and 'off')
--
Aaron Coolidge (N9376J)
Aaron Coolidge
November 19th 03, 05:27 AM
Steven Barnes > wrote:
: One of my co-owners flew the plane a couple days after the digits vanished
: on me. He said it worked fine. Hmmm.
: I was very cold on my flight. Enough that I could see my breath. I wonder if
: that had something to do with it.
I have seen a couple digits on one of my KX155's stop working in extreme
cold. I haven't been able to fix this, except by GENTLY pushing in on
the translucent lens, which makes them come back on. Usually by 1000' AGL
climbing out they're back on and stay OK for the rest of the day.
I suspect there are some questionable contacts that the extreme cold
makes, uh, more questionable.
--
Aaron Coolidge (N9376J)
November 19th 03, 02:27 PM
Aaron Coolidge > wrote:
: John, Cory, try this:
: Take the displays out. Burnish the silver contacts on the displays.
: I used a pencil eraser. Note that the contacts are not gold, if they
: were they would not tarnish. Put a bead of dielectric grease on the
: display's contacts. This will create a gas-tight contact, and keep
: the condensation from bleeding off the +150V used to light the
: displays. Put the displays back in.
I'll give that a try. I wasn't really excited about taking it
apart too much, since it works fine 95% of the time. Of course the 5% of
the time it doesn't work is before it dries out on a nice, humid, damp IFR
day when having a 2nd nav shortly after takeoff would be nice... :)
-Cory
--
************************************************** ***********************
* The prime directive of Linux: *
* - learn what you don't know, *
* - teach what you do. *
* (Just my 20 USm$) *
************************************************** ***********************
Ron Natalie
November 19th 03, 03:38 PM
"Aaron Coolidge" > wrote in message ...
> Take the displays out. Burnish the silver contacts on the displays.
> I used a pencil eraser. Note that the contacts are not gold, if they
They probably are not silver. Silver is too soft and tarnishes worse
than these do. They're probably some alloy of tin.
David Megginson
November 19th 03, 10:25 PM
Steven Barnes wrote:
> One of my co-owners flew the plane a couple days after the digits vanished
> on me. He said it worked fine. Hmmm.
> I was very cold on my flight. Enough that I could see my breath. I wonder if
> that had something to do with it.
Probably. I fly right down to -30 degC, and I notice that my KX-155
display gets extremely flakey on cold days until the plane starts to
warm up.
All the best,
David
John Purner
November 20th 03, 01:50 AM
Aaron,
Thanks so much for the very detailed explanation. I will be at the 'port
tomorrow to try this on one of my KX-155. I really am grateful!
Send your snail mail address to me and I'll send along a copy of The $100
Hamburger or a t-shirt you pick!
--
John Purner
Editor - The $100 Hamburger
http://www.100dollarhamburger.com
"Aaron Coolidge" > wrote in message
...
> John Purner > wrote:
> : Aaron,
>
> : I hate to press to much but I really need the help. How exactly do you
> : remove the displays?
>
> : Thanks very, very much
>
> John, this is for the King Crown equipment (KX155, KN62, etc).
>
> Take radio out of plane. Remove front bezel, there are small philips
> screws on the sides or top & botton of the radio. You don't need to remove
> the knobs and switches (in fact, you can't until you've removed the
bezel).
>
> Now, you'll be looking at the display. It's the very fragile, very
expensive
> glass thingy. On the bottom, you'll see a row of 20 to 60 bent silver
metal
> fingers - these are the radio side of the contacts. The display contacts
> are the dull silver squares that these bright metal fingers are touching.
>
> To remove the display, carefully slide it away from the fingers. This is
> hard to explain without graphics, but the display will slide a small
distance
> directly away from the fingers (toward the top, on a KX-155), and then
> the bottom (again on a KX-155) will pivot slightly inward and the top
> slightly outward. This pivoting will allow you to take the display out
> of the radio, moving it up and away from the radio.
>
> There is a little stub on the back of the display; this is how Dale fills
> them with neon. The stub is exceptionally fragile! The rest of the display
> is pretty solid, though.
>
> Now, you'll see those 20-60 silver-plated fingers on the bottom edge of
the
> display. You can "burnish" them to remove the tarnish with a business
card,
> a pencil eraser, or whatever your favorite burnisher is. Be careful, the
> silver isn't very thick! NEVER use abrasives of any sort (well, a pencil
> eraser is technically an abrasive, but it's very fine). Try not to touch
> these silver-plated contacts as your finger oils & acids will tarnish
> them again. Do a final cleaning with alcohol.
>
> Now is the time to put a bead of dielectric grease on top of those silver
> square contacts. If you don't have dielectric grease, you may be able
> to get it at Radio Shack, a good auto parts store, or a boating store.
> Don't use "white lube", it's lithium based and conductive. Don't use
> "heat sink grease", or anything but silicon-based dielectric grease!
>
> To put the display back in, reverse the process. Drop it into the plastic
> carrier with the bottom angled in and the top angled out. Push the top
down
> while guiding the bottom into contact with those shiny metal fingers. You
> can push the left a little, then the right a little, back & forth. Soon,
the
> display will pop back into place. You'll have a big glop of dielectric
> grease on your dining room table, and on the front of the display.
> Make sure that the display contacts and the radio shiny fingers are
properly
> aligned, and not touching 2 contacts, etc.
> Clean the display face with alcohol (rubbing, not bourbon). Takes off
> the fingerprints, too!
>
> Put the front bezel back on, and the radio back in the plane. Presto!
> No more funky digits! (Probably.)
>
> What if this doesn't work? Then, the display itself is probably no good.
> The neon gradually leaks out, and the display gets dimmer and dimmer.
> When it's cold, the display is dimmer yet. If this describes the problem
> you're having, you need a new display, which will cost around $200.
>
> Good luck! (PS, to email, remove 'spam' and 'off')
> --
> Aaron Coolidge (N9376J)
>
EdwardRuiz
July 11th 13, 09:04 AM
Aaron,
Thanks so much for the very detailed explanation. I will be at the 'port
tomorrow to try this on one of my KX-155. I really am grateful!
Send your snail mail address to me and I'll send along a copy of The $100
Hamburger or a t-shirt you pick!
--
John Purner
Editor - The $100 Hamburger
http://www.100dollarhamburger.com
"Aaron Coolidge" wrote in message
...
John Purner wrote:
: Aaron,
: I hate to press to much but I really need the help. How exactly do you
: remove the displays?
: Thanks very, very much
John, this is for the King Crown equipment (KX155, KN62, etc).
Take radio out of plane. Remove front bezel, there are small philips
screws on the sides or top & botton of the radio. You don't need to remove
the knobs and switches (in fact, you can't until you've removed the
bezel).
Now, you'll be looking at the display. It's the very fragile, very
expensive
glass thingy. On the bottom, you'll see a row of 20 to 60 bent silver
metal
fingers - these are the radio side of the contacts. The display contacts
are the dull silver squares that these bright metal fingers are touching.
To remove the led lighting (http://www.niceledlights.com) display, carefully slide it away from the fingers. This is
hard to explain without graphics, but the display will slide a small
distance
directly away from the fingers (toward the top, on a KX-155), and then
the bottom (again on a KX-155) will pivot slightly inward and the top
slightly outward. This pivoting will allow you to take the display out
of the radio, moving it up and away from the radio.
There is a little stub on the back of the display; this is how Dale fills
them with neon. The stub is exceptionally fragile! The rest of the display
is pretty solid, though.
Now, you'll see those 20-60 silver-plated fingers on the bottom edge of
the
display. You can "burnish" them to remove the tarnish with a business
card,
a pencil eraser, or whatever your favorite burnisher is. Be careful, the
silver isn't very thick! NEVER use abrasives of any sort (well, a pencil
eraser is technically an abrasive, but it's very fine). Try not to touch
these silver-plated contacts as your finger oils & acids will tarnish
them again. Do a final cleaning with alcohol.
Now is the time to put a bead of dielectric grease on top of those silver
square contacts. If you don't have dielectric grease, you may be able
to get it at Radio Shack, a good auto parts store, or a boating store.
Don't use "white lube", it's lithium based and conductive. Don't use
"heat sink grease", or anything but silicon-based dielectric grease!
To put the display back in, reverse the process. Drop it into the plastic
carrier with the bottom angled in and the top angled out. Push the top
down
while guiding the bottom into contact with those shiny metal fingers. You
can push the left a little, then the right a little, back & forth. Soon,
the
display will pop back into place. You'll have a big glop of dielectric
grease on your dining room table, and on the front of the display.
Make sure that the display contacts and the radio shiny fingers are
properly
aligned, and not touching 2 contacts, etc.
Clean the display face with alcohol (rubbing, not bourbon). Takes off
the fingerprints, too!
Put the front bezel back on, and the radio back in the plane. Presto!
No more funky digits! (Probably.)
What if this doesn't work? Then, the display itself is probably no good.
The neon gradually leaks out, and the display gets dimmer and dimmer.
When it's cold, the display is dimmer yet. If this describes the problem
you're having, you need a new display, which will cost around $200.
Good luck! (PS, to email, remove 'spam' and 'off')
--
Aaron Coolidge (N9376J)
it was indeed awesome information.. Just looking to capitalise on it now.. Thanks again for sharing it..
vBulletin® v3.6.4, Copyright ©2000-2025, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.