Trying to find resources on tanker history

The British were into aerial refueling first, if you don't count the
Piper Cubs that used to stay up for days during the Great Depression,
for the very good reason that British aircraft didn't have the range
to cross the Atlantic. The USAAF began mucking about with it at Wright
Field in 1944 by passing drop-tanks from a B-24 to a P-38, in
preparation for raids on Japan. (The twin-fuse Mustang came out of the
same need.) The USAF got serious in 1948 as the Cold War began to
percolate into consciousness. The British by this time were actually
using the "crossover system" on trial flights London-Montreal. Each
plane trailed a cable with a grappling hook. The tanker moved left,
crossing over the recipient aircraft and engaging the hooks. The
recipient reeled them in, followed by the hose from the tanker.

The British also came up with the probe & drogue system, which I think
is what Wright Field was experimenting with in 1948.

all the best -- Dan Ford
email: (put Cubdriver in subject line)

The Warbird's Forum www.warbirdforum.com
The Piper Cub Forum www.pipercubforum.com

In message , Cub Driver
writes

The British were into aerial refueling first, if you don't count the
Piper Cubs that used to stay up for days during the Great Depression,
for the very good reason that British aircraft didn't have the range
to cross the Atlantic. The USAAF began mucking about with it at Wright
Field in 1944 by passing drop-tanks from a B-24 to a P-38, in
preparation for raids on Japan. (The twin-fuse Mustang came out of the
same need.) The USAF got serious in 1948 as the Cold War began to
percolate into consciousness. The British by this time were actually
using the "crossover system" on trial flights London-Montreal. Each
plane trailed a cable with a grappling hook. The tanker moved left,
crossing over the recipient aircraft and engaging the hooks. The
recipient reeled them in, followed by the hose from the tanker.

The British also came up with the probe & drogue system, which I think
is what Wright Field was experimenting with in 1948.

The OP might google for a Brit company called 'Flight Refuelling'.

Mike
--
M.J.Powell

"M. J. Powell" wrote:

snip

The OP might google for a Brit company called 'Flight Refuelling'.

Now Cobham PLC after Sir Alan Cobham, who did most of the early refueling
work and started Flight Refueling Ltd.

Guy

"Cub Driver" wrote in message
...

The British were into aerial refueling first, if you don't count the
Piper Cubs that used to stay up for days during the Great Depression,
for the very good reason that British aircraft didn't have the range
to cross the Atlantic. The USAAF began mucking about with it at Wright
Field in 1944 by passing drop-tanks from a B-24 to a P-38, in
preparation for raids on Japan. (The twin-fuse Mustang came out of the
same need.) The USAF got serious in 1948 as the Cold War began to
percolate into consciousness. The British by this time were actually
using the "crossover system" on trial flights London-Montreal. Each
plane trailed a cable with a grappling hook. The tanker moved left,
crossing over the recipient aircraft and engaging the hooks. The
recipient reeled them in, followed by the hose from the tanker.

The British also came up with the probe & drogue system, which I think
is what Wright Field was experimenting with in 1948.


Is it still the case that the USN uses the trailing drogue (as the RAF/RN
do), with the USAF using the tanker to steer the probe? If so, why the
different approaches?

"Ian" wrote in message
...




Is it still the case that the USN uses the trailing drogue (as the RAF/RN
do), with the USAF using the tanker to steer the probe? If so, why the
different approaches?



The flying boom method has a higher transfer rate but probe
and drogue can be fitted to buddy tankers.

Keith

Keith Willshaw wrote:

"Ian" wrote in message
...




Is it still the case that the USN uses the trailing drogue (as the RAF/RN
do), with the USAF using the tanker to steer the probe? If so, why the
different approaches?



The flying boom method has a higher transfer rate but probe
and drogue can be fitted to buddy tankers.

Right. Originally (1950s) SAC used the boom method, while TAC used probe and
drogue on their fighters (KB-50P? tankers), starting with F-84s. There were
air-refueled test combat missions flown during the Korean War using KB-29
tankers; the F-84s couldn't be given airframe mounted probes in a hurry, so
were given drop (tip) tanks fitted with a probe on the front (a method that has
recently been revived to allow F-16s to refuel from drogue-equipped tankers).
There was no internal transfer possible, so the procedure was to refuel one
drop tank to about half full, disconnect, reposition for the other tank and
fill it full, then disconnect and reposition on the original tank and fill it
the rest of the way. Filling one tank completely first resulted in too much
lateral assymetry for the ailerons to compensate.

F-100s, F-104Cs and EB-66s all had probes. At the end of the 1950s SAC and TAC
were both operating versions of the F-101, so that a/c was given both types of
refueling capability (and had the room). The F-105B had the probe, but the D
model was eventually given both methods. After that the USAF decided to go
over completely to the boom/receptacle method, as their tankers would
(presumably) always have airbases to operate from, just as their fighters and
bombers would. The boom gives better transfer rates and seems to be more
reliable and easier to tank from, but it does limit the types of a/c that can
be tankers, and it requires a lot more money and work to convert.

Guy

Guy Alcala wrote:
After that the USAF decided to go
over completely to the boom/receptacle method, as their tankers would
(presumably) always have airbases to operate from, just as their fighters and
bombers would. The boom gives better transfer rates and seems to be more
reliable and easier to tank from, but it does limit the types of a/c that can
be tankers, and it requires a lot more money and work to convert.

Will the F-35B be the first USAF aircraft since then to be built with
just a probe?

-HJC

"Henry J Cobb" wrote in message
...
Guy Alcala wrote:
After that the USAF decided to go
over completely to the boom/receptacle method, as their tankers would
(presumably) always have airbases to operate from, just as their
fighters and
bombers would. The boom gives better transfer rates and seems to be
more
reliable and easier to tank from, but it does limit the types of a/c
that can
be tankers, and it requires a lot more money and work to convert.

Will the F-35B be the first USAF aircraft since then to be built with
just a probe?

Clearly USAF helicopters have been built with "just a probe".
Outside of the rotory wings I can't think of any USAF probe
refuelers during the last 30 some years.

On Wed, 2 Jun 2004 01:00:49 -0400, "John Keeney"
wrote:


"Henry J Cobb" wrote in message
...
Guy Alcala wrote:
After that the USAF decided to go
over completely to the boom/receptacle method, as their tankers would
(presumably) always have airbases to operate from, just as their
fighters and
bombers would. The boom gives better transfer rates and seems to be
more
reliable and easier to tank from, but it does limit the types of a/c
that can
be tankers, and it requires a lot more money and work to convert.

Will the F-35B be the first USAF aircraft since then to be built with
just a probe?

Clearly USAF helicopters have been built with "just a probe".
Outside of the rotory wings I can't think of any USAF probe
refuelers during the last 30 some years.

A-7D?

John Keeney wrote:
Clearly USAF helicopters have been built with "just a probe".
Outside of the rotory wings I can't think of any USAF probe
refuelers during the last 30 some years.

How many helicopter capable tankers does the USAF have?

Or do they have to call in the Marines? ;-)

-HJC