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![]() some interesting points came out of one guy's query re servicing some old brake master cylinders. gringomasloco commented regarding broken brake lines spraying brake fluid over hot calipers and setting the wheels on fire. hmmmmm. I am talking about light private aircraft here... as I put it in the subject line aircraft brakes were never designed for stopping aircraft. they were designed to hold aircraft. now that may sound like semantic nonsense but it is true. aircraft brakes were designed for use in holding the aircraft still while the engine was started. after the taxy out and the engine has warmed you do a run up check to make sure that the magneto circuits are up to the bit of work that lies ahead for them. the brakes are applied to hold the aircraft while the revs are bought up and each maggy checked in turn. from a design aspect that is the end of the use of a light aircraft's brakes until after landing and we wish to hold the aircraft still for shutdown and disembarkation. of course brakes are brakes and people will use them like they were driving cars. light aircraft brakes were never designed for slowing an aircraft when landing. I know that they get used for that by students of bad piloting technique but the design intent is a fact borne out by their diminutive size. I'll give one concrete example. The Stinson 108 is a huge aircraft, 4 seats in 1940's luxury, yet it only has brake pucks the same size as a 5.00x5 cleveland. in fact on the one Chris M-F ownes the brakes *are* cleveland 5.00x5 calipers. it is quite ok to be masters of the world and fly however you like. you'll just wear out your aeroplanes faster. just remember though that aircraft brakes are for holding the aircraft not stopping it. now brakes for commercial aircraft are different and they *are* used for stopping, but the brakes on little lighties arent. some people have yet to realise that. Stealth Pilot |
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![]() "Stealth Pilot" wrote in message ... just remember though that aircraft brakes are for holding the aircraft not stopping it. now brakes for commercial aircraft are different and they *are* used for stopping, but the brakes on little lighties arent. some people have yet to realise that. Apparently Cessna has also yet to realize that. From Cessna 152 POH: (Step 6 of short field landing procedure) "6. Brakes-- APPLY HEAVILY." Good Morning! ;-) Vaughn |
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On Jul 19, 7:27�am, "Vaughn Simon"
wrote: "Stealth Pilot" wrote in message ... just remember though that aircraft brakes are for holding the aircraft not stopping it. now brakes for commercial aircraft are different and they *are* used for stopping, but the brakes on little lighties arent. some people have yet to realise that. � �Apparently Cessna has also yet to realize that. From Cessna 152 POH: (Step 6 of short field landing procedure) "6. Brakes-- � APPLY HEAVILY." Good Morning! �;-) Vaughn Where do light and heavy begin? I have a 2,000 pound gross weight airplane. We picked the brakes based on a start braking speed of about 70 knots. I can do multiple stops from slower speeds during high speed taxi testing. Braking capacity is mostly a funtion of how much mass the disk has whcih in turn determines how much heat it can absorb. Keep the brakes small to keep the airplane light and limit your runway options. Add some mass and stop with brakes on shorter runways. You're experimental. Take your pick. BTW, I changed my brake pads after about 1,200 hours because they were getting thin, but not worn out. For me, it's cheaper and easier to change brake pads than tires worn out by long rollouts and long taxi distances. Denny |
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On Jul 19, 3:54*am, Stealth Pilot
wrote: as I put it in the subject line aircraft brakes were never designed for stopping aircraft. they were designed to hold aircraft. now that may sound like semantic nonsense but it is true. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- That is what I was taught. The distinction was based on breaking surface area. Military and commercial aircraft, meaning those having a need to bring the loaded airplane to a full stop AND TO HOLD IT THERE during run-up or whatever, were often fitted with brake drums rather than pucks & rotors, since you could get more breaking surface for less weight when using a drum & shoe arrangement. However, modern puck & rotor systems commonly use calipers that present a puck to each side of the rotor, allowing you to double the breaking surface for only a modest increase in weight. The down-side here is the need to get rid of the heat such systems can produce when going for a full-stop. Some modern-day systems offer a dual system, with single-pucks intended to do the slowing/steering and dual pucks coming on-line to provide the stoping & holding. -R.S.Hoover |
#5
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In article ,
Stealth Pilot wrote: some interesting points came out of one guy's query re servicing some old brake master cylinders. gringomasloco commented regarding broken brake lines spraying brake fluid over hot calipers and setting the wheels on fire. hmmmmm. I am talking about light private aircraft here... as I put it in the subject line aircraft brakes were never designed for stopping aircraft. they were designed to hold aircraft. now that may sound like semantic nonsense but it is true. aircraft brakes were designed for use in holding the aircraft still while the engine was started. after the taxy out and the engine has warmed you do a run up check to make sure that the magneto circuits are up to the bit of work that lies ahead for them. the brakes are applied to hold the aircraft while the revs are bought up and each maggy checked in turn. from a design aspect that is the end of the use of a light aircraft's brakes until after landing and we wish to hold the aircraft still for shutdown and disembarkation. of course brakes are brakes and people will use them like they were driving cars. light aircraft brakes were never designed for slowing an aircraft when landing. I know that they get used for that by students of bad piloting technique but the design intent is a fact borne out by their diminutive size. I'll give one concrete example. The Stinson 108 is a huge aircraft, 4 seats in 1940's luxury, yet it only has brake pucks the same size as a 5.00x5 cleveland. in fact on the one Chris M-F ownes the brakes *are* cleveland 5.00x5 calipers. it is quite ok to be masters of the world and fly however you like. you'll just wear out your aeroplanes faster. just remember though that aircraft brakes are for holding the aircraft not stopping it. now brakes for commercial aircraft are different and they *are* used for stopping, but the brakes on little lighties arent. some people have yet to realise that. Stealth Pilot Nonsense: complete and utter. What aircraft brakes aren't designed for is stopping aircraft *repeatedly*. The chief advantage of putting larger brakes on any vehicle is that it providess a greater heat sink to allow for more braking before the brakes overheat. Aircraft brakes need to be able to stop an aircraft *once* and then have an essentially infinite amount of time to cool down again. -- Alan Baker Vancouver, British Columbia http://gallery.me.com/alangbaker/100008/DSCF0162/web.jpg |
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![]() "Alan Baker" wrote in message ... In article , Stealth Pilot wrote: aircraft brakes were designed for use in holding the aircraft still while the engine was started. after the taxy out and the engine has warmed you do a run up check to make sure that the magneto circuits are up to the bit of work that lies ahead for them. the brakes are applied to hold the aircraft while the revs are bought up and each maggy checked in turn. from a design aspect that is the end of the use of a light aircraft's brakes until after landing and we wish to hold the aircraft still for shutdown and disembarkation. of course brakes are brakes and people will use them like they were driving cars. light aircraft brakes were never designed for slowing an aircraft when landing. I know that they get used for that by students of bad piloting technique but the design intent is a fact borne out by their diminutive size. Stealth Pilot Nonsense: complete and utter. What aircraft brakes aren't designed for is stopping aircraft *repeatedly*. The chief advantage of putting larger brakes on any vehicle is that it providess a greater heat sink to allow for more braking before the brakes overheat. Aircraft brakes need to be able to stop an aircraft *once* and then have an essentially infinite amount of time to cool down again. -- Alan Baker Vancouver, British Columbia http://gallery.me.com/alangbaker/100008/DSCF0162/web.jpg Right. Almost. Maybe..... My Stinson has 9 inch diameter drum brakes and has lots of area on the brakes, but low pressure applied. It uses a largish master cylinder to pump fluid into an "expander tube" under the brake shoes inside the drum. They work great for holding the airplane for runup and are essential for ground handling and taxiing because the tailwheel is a swivel and in not connected to anything that could allow it to be used for steering. As a result, all steering is by differential braking. You can apply the brakes on the landing roll and it will quickly slow the airplane. However, if you do so, you may not be able to leave the runway. Rubbing all that shoe area inside the drum makes it quite hot inside the drum. My little infrared laser guided remote reading thermometer gives temperatures in the 400 to 600 degree range. It takes a while to dissipate that heat from inside the drum and until it does the brake fluid inside the "expander tube" gets quite warm. When it does it expands and the brakes tend to remain quite "ON" until things cool down. Even a long and complicated taxi, like into a parking spot at Oshkosh, will generally result in a noticeable loss of "differential" in the braking activity and a substantial increase in the power required to taxi. I have found that it is wise to NOT attempt a takeoff if it requires over 1000 RPM to maintain a reasonable taxi speed. :-) Of course, this airplane weighs generally two tons and lands at 70 mph at touchdown in a three point attitude. :-) The general limiting factor in ALL aircraft brakes is heat dissipation. The wheels are relatively small and the brakes are in a small space. The more effective the brakes are, the more heat they produce. All that energy they are dissipating when they slow you down has to go somewhere. Thermodynamics tells us that most wasted energy appears as heat! Randomized molecular activity. :-) To stop the airplane you have to waste the energy. 1/2 M V^2. You can't get around it. Fortunately, a taildragger with the flaps down and the tail on the ground takes a LOT of energy to keep moving, so you can waste a lot of the energy you have to get rid of by stirring up the air. Then apply the brakes to turn off the runway after you have slowed down without them. FWIW Department. You scrape a lot more rubber off you tires by landing and applying brakes vigorously while little weight is on the wheels than you would in many many miles of taxiing around or rolling out with the brakes off! :-) Highflyer Highflight Aviation Services Pinckneyville Airport (PJY) |
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In article , "Highflyer"
wrote: "Alan Baker" wrote in message ... In article , Stealth Pilot wrote: aircraft brakes were designed for use in holding the aircraft still while the engine was started. after the taxy out and the engine has warmed you do a run up check to make sure that the magneto circuits are up to the bit of work that lies ahead for them. the brakes are applied to hold the aircraft while the revs are bought up and each maggy checked in turn. from a design aspect that is the end of the use of a light aircraft's brakes until after landing and we wish to hold the aircraft still for shutdown and disembarkation. of course brakes are brakes and people will use them like they were driving cars. light aircraft brakes were never designed for slowing an aircraft when landing. I know that they get used for that by students of bad piloting technique but the design intent is a fact borne out by their diminutive size. Stealth Pilot Nonsense: complete and utter. What aircraft brakes aren't designed for is stopping aircraft *repeatedly*. The chief advantage of putting larger brakes on any vehicle is that it providess a greater heat sink to allow for more braking before the brakes overheat. Aircraft brakes need to be able to stop an aircraft *once* and then have an essentially infinite amount of time to cool down again. -- Alan Baker Vancouver, British Columbia http://gallery.me.com/alangbaker/100008/DSCF0162/web.jpg Right. Almost. Maybe..... My Stinson has 9 inch diameter drum brakes and has lots of area on the brakes, but low pressure applied. It uses a largish master cylinder to pump fluid into an "expander tube" under the brake shoes inside the drum. They work great for holding the airplane for runup and are essential for ground handling and taxiing because the tailwheel is a swivel and in not connected to anything that could allow it to be used for steering. As a result, all steering is by differential braking. You can apply the brakes on the landing roll and it will quickly slow the airplane. However, if you do so, you may not be able to leave the runway. Rubbing all that shoe area inside the drum makes it quite hot inside the drum. My little infrared laser guided remote reading thermometer gives temperatures in the 400 to 600 degree range. It takes a while to dissipate that heat from inside the drum and until it does the brake fluid inside the "expander tube" gets quite warm. When it does it expands and the brakes tend to remain quite "ON" until things cool down. Wow. This is so wrong. The expander tube expands because when you push on the brake pedals you force fluid into it. If that fluid is heated, it will try to expand but since the pressure in the system is determined by your feet on the pedals, what will happen is that the pedals will push back on your feet. If you don't push any harder, they will move back until the reduction in pressure once again balances the system. If that moves the pedals all the way back to the stops, then the orifice to the reservoir will open and fluid will get pushed back into it. Even a long and complicated taxi, like into a parking spot at Oshkosh, will generally result in a noticeable loss of "differential" in the braking activity and a substantial increase in the power required to taxi. I have found that it is wise to NOT attempt a takeoff if it requires over 1000 RPM to maintain a reasonable taxi speed. :-) Then I suggest that there is something wrong with your brakes... Of course, this airplane weighs generally two tons and lands at 70 mph at touchdown in a three point attitude. :-) Ummm... What model Stinson weighs two tons? You're not claiming you fly a Stinson Reliant, are you? The general limiting factor in ALL aircraft brakes is heat dissipation. The wheels are relatively small and the brakes are in a small space. The more effective the brakes are, the more heat they produce. All that energy they are dissipating when they slow you down has to go somewhere. Thermodynamics tells us that most wasted energy appears as heat! Randomized molecular activity. :-) To stop the airplane you have to waste the energy. 1/2 M V^2. You can't get around it. And you don't have to. The kinetic energy of a 1,000kg light aircraft at a landing speed of 27.8 m/s is 1/2 mv^2 = 386420 Joules The specific heat of steel is 500 Joules per kg*K (degrees Kelvin). So if you have two brakes weigh -- say -- 10kg each, then the rise in temperature (dT) is 386420 = 20(dT)(500); dT = 386420/10000 = 38.64 K degrees. Even if the brakes weigh a half of my estimate, the temperature rise is still only 77 K, or 139 F. Fortunately, a taildragger with the flaps down and the tail on the ground takes a LOT of energy to keep moving, so you can waste a lot of the energy you have to get rid of by stirring up the air. Then apply the brakes to turn off the runway after you have slowed down without them. Sorry, but you won't stop a Stinson in 290 feet on aerodynamic drag alone. FWIW Department. You scrape a lot more rubber off you tires by landing and applying brakes vigorously while little weight is on the wheels than you would in many many miles of taxiing around or rolling out with the brakes off! :-) You only scrape off much rubber if you brake close to the threshold of adhesion. Highflyer Highflight Aviation Services Pinckneyville Airport (PJY) -- Alan Baker Vancouver, British Columbia http://gallery.me.com/alangbaker/100008/DSCF0162/web.jpg |
#8
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On Nov 8, 3:01*pm, Alan Baker wrote:
In article , "Highflyer" wrote: "Alan Baker" wrote in message ... In article , Stealth Pilot wrote: aircraft brakes were designed for use in holding the aircraft still while the engine was started. after the taxy out and the engine has warmed you do a run up check to make sure that the magneto circuits are up to the bit of work that lies ahead for them. the brakes are applied to hold the aircraft while the revs are bought up and each maggy checked in turn. from a design aspect that is the end of the use of a light aircraft's brakes until after landing and we wish to hold the aircraft still for shutdown and disembarkation. of course brakes are brakes and people will use them like they were driving cars. light aircraft brakes were never designed for slowing an aircraft when landing. I know that they get used for that by students of bad piloting technique but the design intent is a fact borne out by their diminutive size. Stealth Pilot Nonsense: complete and utter. What aircraft brakes aren't designed for is stopping aircraft *repeatedly*. The chief advantage of putting larger brakes on any vehicle is that it providess a greater heat sink to allow for more braking before the brakes overheat. Aircraft brakes need to be able to stop an aircraft *once* and then have an essentially infinite amount of time to cool down again. -- Alan Baker Vancouver, British Columbia http://gallery.me.com/alangbaker/100008/DSCF0162/web.jpg Right. *Almost. *Maybe..... My Stinson has 9 inch diameter drum brakes and has lots of area on the brakes, but low pressure applied. *It uses a largish master cylinder to pump fluid into an "expander tube" under the brake shoes inside the drum. They work great for holding the airplane for runup and are essential for ground handling and taxiing because the tailwheel is a swivel and in not connected to anything that could allow it to be used for steering. *As a result, all steering is by differential braking. You can apply the brakes on the landing roll and it will quickly slow the airplane. *However, if you do so, you may not be able to leave the runway. *Rubbing all that shoe area inside the drum makes it quite hot inside the drum. * My little infrared laser guided remote reading thermometer gives temperatures in the 400 to 600 degree range. * It takes a while to dissipate that heat from inside the drum and until it does the brake fluid inside the "expander tube" gets quite warm. *When it does it expands and the brakes tend to remain quite "ON" until things cool down. Wow. This is so wrong. The expander tube expands because when you push on the brake pedals you force fluid into it. If that fluid is heated, it will try to expand but since the pressure in the system is determined by your feet on the pedals, what will happen is that the pedals will push back on your feet. If you don't push any harder, they will move back until the reduction in pressure once again balances the system. If that moves the pedals all the way back to the stops, then the orifice to the reservoir will open and fluid will get pushed back into it. Even a long and complicated taxi, like into a parking spot at Oshkosh, will generally result in a noticeable loss of "differential" in the braking activity and a substantial increase in the power required to taxi. * I have found that it is wise to NOT attempt a takeoff if it requires over 1000 RPM to maintain a reasonable taxi speed. :-) Then I suggest that there is something wrong with your brakes... Of course, this airplane weighs generally two tons and lands at 70 mph at touchdown in a three point attitude. :-) Ummm... What model Stinson weighs two tons? You're not claiming you fly a Stinson Reliant, are you? The general limiting factor in ALL aircraft brakes is heat dissipation. *The wheels are relatively small and the brakes are in a small space. *The more effective the brakes are, the more heat they produce. * All that energy they are dissipating when they slow you down has to go somewhere. *Thermodynamics tells us that most wasted energy appears as heat! *Randomized molecular activity. :-) To stop the airplane you have to waste the energy. *1/2 M V^2. You can't get around it. And you don't have to. The kinetic energy of a 1,000kg light aircraft at a landing speed of 27.8 m/s is 1/2 mv^2 = 386420 Joules The specific heat of steel is 500 Joules per kg*K (degrees Kelvin). So if you have two brakes weigh -- say -- 10kg each, then the rise in temperature (dT) is 386420 = 20(dT)(500); dT = 386420/10000 = 38.64 K degrees. Even if the brakes weigh a half of my estimate, the temperature rise is still only 77 K, or 139 F. Fortunately, a taildragger with the flaps down and the tail on the ground takes a LOT of energy to keep moving, so you can waste a lot of the energy you have to get rid of by stirring up the air. *Then apply the brakes to turn off the runway after you have slowed down without them. Sorry, but you won't stop a Stinson in 290 feet on aerodynamic drag alone. FWIW Department. *You scrape a lot more rubber off you tires by landing and applying brakes vigorously while little weight is on the wheels than you would in many many miles of taxiing around or rolling out with the brakes off! *:-) You only scrape off much rubber if you brake close to the threshold of adhesion. Highflyer Highflight Aviation Services Pinckneyville Airport (PJY) -- Alan Baker Vancouver, British Columbia http://gallery.me.com/alangbaker/100008/DSCF0162/web.jpg Seems to me that the old Goodyear bladder brakes had an expander tube and a diaphragm-type master. There was no reservoir, so no relief hole. I think the system was filled up completely and plugged. Any expansion of the fluid due to heat would cause some brake drag. As for the physics, you might have those numbers right--I wouldn't know; I'm no physicist---but those discs are going to be much too hot to touch. Even just maneuvering on the ramp can heat them considerably. Shoot, just dragging them a few hundred feet while taxiing can ruin them. I regularly see discs damaged from welding of the semi-metallic lining due to excessive heat. Dan |
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On Fri, 7 Nov 2008 23:55:23 -0600, "Highflyer" wrote:
"Alan Baker" wrote in message ... In article , Stealth Pilot wrote: aircraft brakes were designed for use in holding the aircraft still while the engine was started. after the taxy out and the engine has warmed you do a run up check to make sure that the magneto circuits are up to the bit of work that lies ahead for them. the brakes are applied to hold the aircraft while the revs are bought up and each maggy checked in turn. from a design aspect that is the end of the use of a light aircraft's brakes until after landing and we wish to hold the aircraft still for shutdown and disembarkation. of course brakes are brakes and people will use them like they were driving cars. light aircraft brakes were never designed for slowing an aircraft when landing. I know that they get used for that by students of bad piloting technique but the design intent is a fact borne out by their diminutive size. Stealth Pilot Nonsense: complete and utter. What aircraft brakes aren't designed for is stopping aircraft *repeatedly*. The chief advantage of putting larger brakes on any vehicle is that it providess a greater heat sink to allow for more braking before the brakes overheat. Aircraft brakes need to be able to stop an aircraft *once* and then have an essentially infinite amount of time to cool down again. -- Alan Baker Vancouver, British Columbia http://gallery.me.com/alangbaker/100008/DSCF0162/web.jpg Right. Almost. Maybe..... My Stinson has 9 inch diameter drum brakes and has lots of area on the brakes, but low pressure applied. It uses a largish master cylinder to pump fluid into an "expander tube" under the brake shoes inside the drum. They work great for holding the airplane for runup and are essential for ground handling and taxiing because the tailwheel is a swivel and in not connected to anything that could allow it to be used for steering. As a result, all steering is by differential braking. You can apply the brakes on the landing roll and it will quickly slow the airplane. However, if you do so, you may not be able to leave the runway. Rubbing all that shoe area inside the drum makes it quite hot inside the drum. My little infrared laser guided remote reading thermometer gives temperatures in the 400 to 600 degree range. It takes a while to dissipate that heat from inside the drum and until it does the brake fluid inside the "expander tube" gets quite warm. When it does it expands and the brakes tend to remain quite "ON" until things cool down. Even a long and complicated taxi, like into a parking spot at Oshkosh, will generally result in a noticeable loss of "differential" in the braking activity and a substantial increase in the power required to taxi. I have found that it is wise to NOT attempt a takeoff if it requires over 1000 RPM to maintain a reasonable taxi speed. :-) At about 2300 or so RPM the Deb will happily accelerate with the brakes locked and the tires skidding. Once it starts to skid it feels just like it hit ice as the rubber begins to melt/vaporize. Of course, this airplane weighs generally two tons and lands at 70 mph at touchdown in a three point attitude. :-) Man, but that's fast!. :-)) The old Deb comes down final at 80 MPH minus 1 MPH for each 100 under gross. With me and half fuel, final is about 73 MPH. touchdown? Gotta be in the 40 MPH range. Those big flaps slow it quickly. Course it only weighs a ton and a half so you're hauling the equivalent of the entire useful load of the Deb on top of the Deb's gross.:-)) The general limiting factor in ALL aircraft brakes is heat dissipation. The wheels are relatively small and the brakes are in a small space. The more effective the brakes are, the more heat they produce. All that energy they are dissipating when they slow you down has to go somewhere. Thermodynamics tells us that most wasted energy appears as heat! Randomized molecular activity. :-) To stop the airplane you have to waste the energy. 1/2 M V^2. You can't get around it. Those big Cleveland's will fade if they get a lot of use, but it's rare to ever use them that much. Even after a short field, with maximum effort they still work. You can lock them up, but after that the taxi gets kinda bumpy. Steep final into the round out, firm touch down on the mains, immediately let the nose down, get on the brakes, and go full up elevator if the brakes will keep the nose gear down. The aerodynamic braking with that big wing and tail is very effective giving it the ability to stop shorter than many 172s (book figures) I'm certainly not that proficient at present. Fortunately, a taildragger with the flaps down and the tail on the ground takes a LOT of energy to keep moving, so you can waste a lot of the energy you have to get rid of by stirring up the air. Then apply the brakes to turn off the runway after you have slowed down without them. FWIW Department. You scrape a lot more rubber off you tires by landing and applying brakes vigorously while little weight is on the wheels than you would in many many miles of taxiing around or rolling out with the brakes off! :-) Highflyer Highflight Aviation Services Pinckneyville Airport (PJY) Roger (K8RI) ARRL Life Member N833R (World's oldest Debonair) www.rogerhalstead.com |
#10
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Stealth Pilot wrote:
as I put it in the subject line aircraft brakes were never designed for stopping aircraft. they were designed to hold aircraft. now that may sound like semantic nonsense but it is true. How does one steer a C152 while taxiing? I was headed bopping down the downhill section of KTTA's single taxiway, when one of the LSA trainees decided that his fuel was more important than mine. He pulled out heading straight to me. There was only one turn off, and I had about 20 feet to come to a complete stop or we'd have a mess. The old hacker that I am, I decided that using the brakes were the best way to accomplish the task. I know that it wasn't the right thing to do. I should have cut the engine, jumped out, and grabbed the tail to drag it to a halt like everyone is taught in groundschool. But I guess I'm just lazy. |
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